Table 2.

The metabolite concentration profile of ALS and HC in left and right hippocampus.

	ALS (n = 12)	HC (n = 12)	p-Value
Right hippocampus
tNAA	8.71 ± 1.29	6.25 ± 1.34	<0.001
tCho	2.33 ± 0.66	1.95 ± 0.44	0.044
tCr	8.58 ± 1.34	8.85 ± 2.58	0.886
Glu	9.14 ± 3.20	5.86 ± 3.50	0.028
Ins	11.32 ± 2.37	10.01 ± 3.89	0.433
tNAA/tCho	4.04 ± 1.32	3.36 ± 0.97	0.311
tNAA/tCr	1.02 ± 0.12	0.76 ± 0.25	0.001
tCho/tCr	0.27 ± 0.06	0.23 ± 0.05	0.033
Glu/tNAA	1.07 ± 0.40	0.88 ± 0.47	0.371
Glu/tCho	4.49 ± 2.52	3.11 ± 1.90	0.175
Glu/tCr	1.09 ± 0.42	0.69 ± 0.40	0.051
Ins/tNAA	1.35 ± 0.49	1.65 ± 0.65	0.178
Ins/tCho	5.91 ± 4.71	5.57 ± 3.01	0.799
Ins/tCr	1.37 ± 0.45	1.24 ± 0.58	0.799
Left hippocampus
tNAA	11.45 ± 4.31	5.57 ± 2.22	<0.001
tCho	3.00 ±1.50	1.82 ± 0.78	0.004
tCr	9.34 ± 4.03	7.35 ± 1.82	0.066
Glu	11.26 ± 9.24	5.82 ± 2.59	0.065
Ins	12.34 ± 4.04	8.52 ± 1.96	0.013
tNAA/tCho	5.03 ± 4.12	3.29 ± 1.31	0.284
tNAA/tCr	1.27 ± 0.17	0.78 ± 0.31	<0.001
tCho/tCr	0.31 ± 0.08	0.24 ± 0.07	0.020
Glu/tNAA	0.90 ± 0.54	1.27 ± 0.88	0.431
Glu/tCho	3.35 ± 2.15	3.74 ± 1.94	0.578
Glu/tCr	1.09 ± 0.66	0.83 ± 0.37	0.214
Ins/tNAA	1.37 ± 1.21	2.10 ± 2.00	0.075
Ins/tCho	11.26 ± 24.98	5.66 ± 2.84	0.342
Ins/tCr	1.87 ± 2.06	1.23 ± 0.39	0.514

Note. Metabolites’ absolute concentrations are presented in mM. Bold p-values denote significant differences between ALS and HC groups based on Mann-Whitney U test (Monte Carlo method, sampling n = 30,000). ALS = healthy controls; HC = healthy controls; tNAA = total N-acetyl-asparate; tCho = total Choline; tCr = total Creatine; Glu = glutamate; Ins = inositol; mM = millimolar.