Table 3.

Predictors of associated impairments among children with CP in rural Bangladesh.

Factors	Hearing	Speech	Visual	Intellectual	Epilepsy
Antenatal care visits
Adequate	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Inadequate	0.41 (0.34–0.50)	0.94 (0.78–1.13)	0.46 (0.37–0.57)	0.87 (0.72–1.06)	0.95 (0.81–1.12)
Childbirth attended by
Doctor/midwife	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Skilled birth attendant/TBA	0.98 (0.79–1.21)	1.34 (1.12–1.61)	0.88 (0.70–1.11)	1.04 (0.86–1.26)	0.67 (0.56–0.79)
Family members	2.09 (1.61–2.71)	1.15 (0.89–1.49)	1.90 (1.43–2.51)	1.80 (1.39–2.35)	1.09 (0.88–1.36)
History of birth-related complications
No	N/A	Ref	N/A	Ref	Ref
Yes	N/A	1.17 (0.98–1.39)	N/A	1.14 (0.95–1.37)	1.17 (1.00–1.37)
History of IPR NRD
No	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Yes	1.13 (0.91–1.41)	2.31 (1.93–2.77)	1.38 (1.09–1.77)	2.01 (1.64–2.47)	1.47 (1.23–1.77)
Timing of brain injury
Pre and perinatal	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Postnatal	2.96 (2.33–3.74)	1.43 (1.11–1.86)	2.27 (1.74–2.94)	3.26 (2.48–4.33)	1.73 (1.39–2.14)
Predominant motor type and topography
Spastic—Unilateral	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Spastic—Bilateral	1.30 (0.97–1.75)	1.87 (1.51–2.31)	1.30 (0.95–1.79)	1.84 (1.45–2.33)	1.28 (1.03–1.58)
Dyskinesia	1.43 (0.92–2.20)	4.43 (2.87–7.07)	1.16 (0.71–1.88)	2.30 (1.52–3.53)	1.62 (1.16–2.26)
Ataxia	2.48 (1.60–3.82)	1.91 (1.31–2.84)	0.93 (0.52–1.59)	2.01 (1.35–3.01)	1.01 (0.69–1.47)
Hypotonia	1.03 (0.66–1.57)	1.59 (1.16–2.19)	1.30 (0.83–2.03)	1.25 (0.87–1.79)	1.11 (0.80–1.51)
GMFCS level
I–II	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
III–V	2.64 (2.01–3.50)	2.51 (2.07–3.04)	2.58 (1.90–3.55)	2.00 (1.62–2.46)	1.95 (1.60–2.38)