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Toxicity/tolerance bioassays (examples) with S. alba for the control soil and different soil treatments: Without nanoparticles—(A1) Control soil, (A2) Soil + Cd (1 mg kg−1), (A3) Soil + Cd (3 mg kg−1); With HANPs (B1) Soil, (B2) Soil + Cd (1), (B3) Soil + Cd (3); With MNPs (C1) Soil; (C2) Soil + Cd (1); (C3) Soil + Cd (3); With FeNPs (D1) Soil; (D2) Soil + Cd (1); (D3) Soil + Cd (3).
