Table 3.
Germination percentage G (%), root length and aerial part (cm), germination index (GIndex), and index of influence on the aerial part (ApIndex).
| Soil + Cd Added Content (mg kg−1) + NPs | G (%) | GIndex | ApIndex | Root Length | Aerial Part |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Soil (untreated) | 96 ± 4 a | 100.0 ± 0.6 a | 100.0 ± 1.0 b | 8.19 ± 2.11 | 4.16 ± 0.99 |
| Soil + Cd (1) | 80 ± 0 c | 60.9 ± 0.5 f | 60.9 ± 0.5 j | 5.98 ± 3.11 | 3.64 ± 1.14 |
| Soil + Cd (3) | 90 ± 0 b | 65.5 ± 0.4 e | 70.1 ± 0.5 i | 5.72 ± 2.02 | 3.11 ± 1.04 |
| Soil + HANPs | 80 ± 0 c | 63.3 ± 0.4 | 87.3 ± 0.6 f | 6.22 ± 1.84 | 4.36 ± 1.70 |
| Soil + Cd (1) + HANPs | 90 ± 5 a,b | 81.0 ± 0.5 c | 107.0 ± 1.0 a | 7.07 ± 1.82 | 4.76 ± 0.94 |
| Soil + Cd (3) + HANPs | 86 ± 6 b,c | 73.8 ± 0.6 d | 96.5 ± 0.6 c | 6.82 ± 2.96 | 4.48 ± 1.09 |
| Soil + MNPs | 96 ± 4 a | 82.9 ± 0.6 c | 93.3 ± 0.5 d | 6.74 ± 2.48 | 3.88 ± 0.81 |
| Soil + Cd (1) + MNPs | 90 ± 0 b | 87.0 ± 0.4 b | 80.4 ± 0.4 g | 7.60 ± 1.44 | 3.57 ± 0.84 |
| Soil + Cd (3) + MNPs | 96 ± 4 a | 81.5 ± 0.6 c | 86.2 ± 0.6 f | 6.72 ± 2.32 | 3.59 ± 1.19 |
| Soil + FeNPs | 96 ± 4 a | 56.5 ± 0.4 g | 89.1 ± 0.5 e | 4.62 ± 1.97 | 3.71 ± 0.96 |
| Soil + Cd (1) + FeNPs | 90 ± 0 b | 60.8 ± 0.5 f | 72.9 ± 0.4 h | 5.31 ± 2.40 | 3.24 ± 0.85 |
| Soil + Cd (3) + FeNPs | 100 ± 0 a | 64.8 ± 0.4 e | 86.0 ± 0.5 f | 5.09 ± 1.60 | 3.44 ± 0.90 |
NPs: Nanoparticles, HANPs: Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles, MNPs: Maghemite nanoparticles, FeNPs: Zero-valent iron nanoparticles. Values with different letters differ significantly among treatments (p < 0.05). nd: not detected.