Skip to main content
. 2023 Feb 3;15(2):506. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020506

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Therapeutic activity of 3-IAld in experimental models of human inflammatory diseases. (A) Pulmonary insufflation of 3-IAld dry powder (DP) either before (P, prophylaxis) or after (T, therapy) prevents lung inflammatory pathology in CftrF508del/F508del mice infected with Aspergillus fumigatus conidia, as revealed by the fungal growth, lung histopathology, and neutrophil recruitment ([48]). Photographs were taken using a high-resolution Olympus DP71 microscope using a 10× objective. Scale bar 400 μm. Values represent the mean ± SD of four mice per group or are representative of three experiments. Naïve, uninfected mice; None, infected mice. ** p < 0.01, one-way ANOVA—Bonferroni’s, P or T vs. None. (B) 3-IAld microparticles (MP) reduces liver injury and fibrosis in C57BL/6 mice fed with a DDC-containing diet (active phase) and subjected to a recovery time (recovery phase) as revealed by serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin, fibroblast activation, and collagen deposition ([38]). Photographs were taken with a high-resolution microscope (Olympus BX51), 40× magnification (scale bars, 100 μm). ** p < 0.01, **** p < 0.0001, DDC-treated vs untreated (none) mice, and DDC vs. DDC + 3-IAld-MP. One-way ANOVA, Bonferroni post-test. (C) Oral administration of 3-IAld-MP decreases glycemia, promotes glucose tolerance, restores tissue architecture in the ileum, and promotes epithelial cell renewal (BrdU) in C57BL/6 mice on a high-fed diet. Control; control mice. None; high-fed diet-mice with MP alone ([35]). Photographs were taken with a high-resolution microscope (Olympus BX51), 20× magnification (scale bars, 200 μm). **** p < 0.001, 3-IAld-MP-treated vs MP-treated mice and None vs Control. (D) 3-IAld-MP protects mice from immune check-point inhibitor (ICI)-induced colitis. C57BL/6 mice were treated with DSS and anti-CTLA-4 mAb with and without 3-IAld and assessed for weight change, disease activity index, colon histopathology, and gross pathology (insets) ([41]). Photographs were taken with a high-resolution microscope (Olympus BX51), ×20 magnification (scale bars, 200 µm). wo-way analysis of variance, Bonferroni post hoc test. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001. anti-CTLA-4 + 3-IAld- versus anti-CTLA-4-treated mice.