Table 5.
Prevention of different types of diseases with cranberry consumption and mechanisms.
| Type of Disease | Mechanism | References |
|---|---|---|
| Gastric cancer | A-type procyanidins in cranberry ↓ the adhesion of H. pylori on human gastric mucus and have an inhibitory effect | [125,126] |
| Obesity | Cranberry ↓ lipid accretion by lowering mRNA level of some genes associated with fatty acid-binding protein, lipoprotein lipase, fatty acid synthase, hormone-sensitive lipase, and perilipin | [127,128,129] |
| Type 2 diabetes | Quercitin ↓ gastric assimilation of glucose and with myricetin can ↓ glucose transporter type 4 mediated glucose assimilation | [130,131] |
| Urinary tract inflammation | A-type PACs ↓ adhesion of P-fimbriated uropathogenic E. coli to uroepithelial cells | [114,116,132] |
| Periodontitis | Cranberry non-dialysable material ↓ proliferation of P.gingivalis, T.forsythia, and T.denticola in periodontal pockets A-type cranberry PACs ↓ production of metalloproteinases |
[124,133,134] |
| Anti-inflammatory | Quercetin ↓ of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, NDM lower lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory cytokine production | [135] |
| Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease | In vitro study > cranberry diet 3 months > alanine reduction aminotransferase and insulin, + lipid profile effect, insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in NAFLD patients | [136] |
| Microbial | Cranberry extracts ↓ on pathogenic bacteria: Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 19117), B. cereus (ATCC 10876), B. subtilis (ATCC 6633), M. luteus (ATCC 9341), E. faecalis (ATCC 29212), S. aureus (ATCC 25923) and Gram-negative E. coli (ATCC25922), Enterobacter aerogenes (ATCC 13048), Slm. typhimurium (ATCC 14028), and Slm. agona bacteria | [122,123] |
| Cardiovascular | The expression of inflammatory genes suited for cardiovascular diseases is ↓ by resveratrol (polyphenol present in cranberry juice) by inflecting the NF-kB and JAK STAT3 pathways in cultured cells | [137,138] |
| Breast and colon cancer | Quercitin and proanthocyanidin inhibited the expansion of MCF-7 human breast adenocarcinoma and HT–29 human colon adenocarcinoma | [106,118] |
| Leukaemia and lung cancer | Ursolic acid can inhibit the growth of some leukaemia cell lines and A-549 human lung carcinoma | [106,139] |
Note: JAK—(Janus kinase inhibitor); NF-kb—Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; STAT3—signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; PACs—proanthocyanidins.