PEDV infection upregulates ATP1A1 protein expression in target cells. (A,B) PEDV infection upregulates ATP1A1 mRNA levels. IPEC-J2 and Vero-E6 cells were infected with PEDV at 0.1 MOI. At 12, 24 and 48 h, RNA was extracted, and quantitative PCR analysis performed. Data represent means ± SD from three independent experiments. ***, p < 0.001. (C,D) PEDV infection upregulates ATP1A1 protein expression. PEDV at 0.1 MOI infected with IPEC-J2 and Vero-E6 cells, cells were collected at the indicated time points for Western blot assay. (E,F) PEDV infection upregulates ATP1A1 protein expression in target cells. The cells were infected with PEDV at 0.1 MOI for 24 h. Cells were stained using triple-color immunofluorescence after fixation and analyzed using fluorescence microscopy. Scale bars, 200 μm.