Table 1.
Recent developments in treating orofacial viral infections.
| Species | Samples | Intervention | Outcomes | Ref. Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HPV | Patients with progressed oropharyngeal cancer | Accelerated fractionation radiotherapy and standard-fractionation radiotherapy | Over 6o percent of patients were HPV-positive and showed better overall survival in 3 years compared to HPV-negative tumors. | [31] 2010 |
| HSV-2 | Patients with acute primary or recurrent HSV-2 | 1 g valacyclovir 3 times daily for 1 week, followed by 0.5 g valaciclovir twice daily for 1 year. |
The following-up prescription showed insufficiency in prohibiting recurrent meningitis. | [16] 2012 |
| HPV | Patients under cervical surgery | Three doses of quadrivalent HPV vaccine or placebo at days 1, 60, and 180 | Quadrivalent HPV vaccination after surgical treatment significantly reduced recurrent HPV-related diseases. | [32] 2012 |
| HSV-1 and 2 | Patients with HIV-1 and HSV-2 | Valacyclovir 1000 mg or acyclovir 400 mg twice a week for ~3 months | High-dose valacyclovir was more successful in reducing the plasma HIV-1 RNA levels compared to the standard dose. | [33] 2013 |
| HSV-2 | Patients with HIV and HSV-2 in co-infection | Patients randomly received valacyclovir or placebo (N = 35) | The CD4+ T-lymphocyte count or HIV viral load did not change, but asymptomatic HSV-2 shedding reduced slightly. | [34] 2014 |
| HSV-1 or HSV-2 | RCTs | Effectiveness of oral antiviral drugs (acyclovir, famciclovir, and valacyclovir) | Researchers found there was a significantly lower number of patients with at least one genital herpes recurrence when acyclovir, valacyclovir, or famciclovir was used to treat patients with at least four recurrences per year as compared with placebo in patients with at least four recurrences. | [35] 2014 |
| HPV | Patients examined for gingivitis | Three medicinal mushrooms: Laetiporus sulphureus, Ganoderma lucidum, and Trametes Versicolor | Laetiporus sulphureus exerted 5% oral HPV clearance, while Trametes Versicolor plus Ganoderma lucidum showed a clearance of 88%. | [36] 2014 |
| HPV-16 and HPV-18 | Patients from 36 gynecology practices in seven countries | 6 mg VGX-3100 or placebo | This vaccine is the first to show effectiveness against CIN2/3 associated with HPV-16 and HPV-18 and provides a new treatment outlook. | [37] 2015 |
| HSV-2 | Healthy adults with recurrent genital HSV-2 | 100 mg oral pritelivir with 500 mg valaciclovir once a day | People with frequently recurrent genital HSV-2 using pritelivir experienced a lower percentage of HSV+ swabs. | [38] 2016 |
| HPV | Patients with high-risk cervical HPV infection | An anti-HPV biological dressing (JB01-BD) | JB01-BD could effectively decrease the viral load. | [39] 2016 |
| HSV-1 and 2 | Patients with post-herpetic neuralgia | 200 mg or 400 mg valnivudine hydrochloride (FV-100) once daily, or 1000 mg valacyclovir three times daily | Treatment with FV-100 decreased the neuralgia in a dose-dependent manner better than valacyclovir. | [40] 2017 |
| HSV-2 | Adults with symptomatic HSV-2 | 30 or 60 µg antigen against glycoprotein D2 and viral transcription factor ICP4.2 | The GEN-003 vaccine combinations with higher amounts of antigen and adjuvant showed more efficacy. | [41] 2018 |
| HSV-2 | Patients with recurrent genital HSV-2 | A vaginal capsule of multistrain Lactobacillus brevis or oral acyclovir | Probiotic therapy with multi-strain L. brevis was a promising low-cost treatment for recurrent genital herpes simplex virus infection compared with acyclovir. | [42] 2018 |
| HPV | Patients with multiple common warts | Intramuscular and intralesional bivalent HPV vaccine | Both HPV vaccination roots showed potential for treating warts. | [43] 2019 |
| HSV-1 | Patients with herpetic stromal keratitis | Topical cyclosporine-A 2% eye drop with prednisolone acetate 1% eye drop | Both treatments could similarly improve the cornea’s optical density to a significant extent. | [44] 2019 |
| HPV | Patients with genital condylomatosis | Dry extracts of Echinacea purpurea and Elaeagnus angustifolia (HPVADL18®) | HPVADL18® was suggested as a potential adjuvant therapy for reducing recurrent lesions after treating genital condylomatosis. | [45] 2019 |
| HPV | Patients with high-risk HPV | A proprietary combination of antiviral biologics (REBACIN®) | The antiviral agent could significantly repress the expression of E7 and E6 oncogenes in HPV and clear persistent HPV infections. | [46] 2019 |
| HSV-1 and 2 | HIV-1-positive adults | 500 mg valaciclovir twice daily | Valaciclovir modestly lowered the HIV viral load but did not slow the CD4 count decline. | [47] 2019 |
| HPV | Patients with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis | 10 mg/kg avelumab every 2 weeks for three doses | Avelumab treatment led to fewer surgical interventions and reduced HPV viral load. | [48] 2019 |
| HSV-1 | Schizophrenic patients with or without HSV-1 | 1.5 g valacyclovir or placebo for 16 weeks | Valacyclovir showed no effect on the viral infection. HSV-1 infection co-occurred with a more severe form of schizophrenia. |
[49] 2019 |
| HSV-1 and 2 | Patients receiving mechanical ventilation for over 4 days | Intravenous acyclovir 5 mg/kg | Acyclovir did not decrease the duration of mechanical ventilation and did not increase the number of ventilator-free days in patients with HSV oropharyngeal reactivation. | [50] 2019 |
| HPV | Patients with anogenital warts | Podophyllotoxin cream 0.15% or imiquimod cream 5% with vaccination | Imiquimod and podophyllotoxin creams could similarly clear the wart, but the vaccine benefit was not observed. | [51] 2020 |