Table 2.
Recent developments in treating fungal infections.
| Species | Sample | Intervention | Outcomes | Ref. Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| C. albicans | Children under treatment with a removable maxillary appliance | NitrAdine tablets | The treatment had no significant effect on the salivary Candida load. | [83] 2011 |
| Aspergillus | Patients with allergic bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis | Omalizumab | The treatment was successful in preventing the exacerbation of the infection. | [84] 2014 |
| C. albicans | Adults living in nursing homes | Probiotics, including Lactobacillus reuteri (strains DSM 17938 and ATCC PTA 5289) | The probiotics significantly reduced the oral Candida counts. | [85] 2015 |
| C. albicans | In vitro study | Pomegranate peel extract (PomeGr) | The PomeGr treatment altered biofilm formation, fungal growth, and AI release. Moreover, fungal cells substantially reduced PomeGr’s phenolic content | [86] 2022 |
| Aspergillus | Patients with non-dermatophyte mold onychomycosis | Traconazole or terbinafine | Both treatment efficacy was non-statistically significant (clinical cure of 54–65%). | [87] 2016 |
| Aspergillus | Patients with suspected invasive mold infection | Intravenous injection of isavuconazonium sulfate or voriconazole followed by further oral administration | Isavuconazole efficacy was not worse than voriconazole. It was well tolerated with fewer adverse events. | [88] 2016 |
| C. albicans | Patients wearing dentures | Triphala churna and chlorhexidine gluconate | Triphala showed a more antifungal effect than conventional chlorhexidine. | [89] 2017 |
| C. albicans | Patients with denture stomatitis | Low-molecular-weight chitosan and nystatin | Chitosan solution showed a significant antifungal effect. | [90] 2017 |
| C. albicans | Patients wearing dentures | Two probiotics (Lactobacillus acidophilus or Lactobacillus rhamnosus) enriched into cheese | The enriched cheese with probiotics reduced oral Candida colonization. | [91] 2017 |
| Candida and Aspergillus | Patients with candidemia and invasive candidiasis | A member of echinocandins (CD101 IV) | The dosing of CD101 IV was safe, minimally accumulative, plasma-persistent, and well-tolerated with negligible renal excretion. | [92] 2017 |
| C. albicans | Patients with symptomatic oral lichen planus | Probiotics, including Lactobacilli reuteri | The probiotic used did not affect the Candida load. | [93] 2018 |
| Aspergillus and C. albicans | Patients with otomycosis | Topical betadine and clotrimazole | The agents showed similar antifungal potential for treating otomycosis. | [94] 2018 |
| Aspergillus | Patients in the acute stage of allergic bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis | Oral administration of itraconazole or prednisolone | Prednisolone induced a better immunologic response but more side effects. | [95] 2018 |
| C. albicans | Patients with denture stomatitis | Photodynamic inactivation using a diode laser and methylene blue | The inactivation operation reduced the fungal and inflammation levels. | [96] 2018 |
| C. albicans | Patients with candidemia or invasive candidiasis | Intravenous and oral isavuconazole comparedto caspofungin and voriconazole | Isavuconazole showed a lower minimal inhibitory concentration than caspofungin. | [97] 2019 |
| C. albicans | In vitro study | Tissue conditioner modified by chitosan or chitosan-oligosaccharide | Both formulations reduced the C. albicans density. | [98] 2019 |
| C. albicans | Patients wearing complete dentures with stomatitis | Photodynamic therapy using indocyanine green was added to the routine antifungal therapy with nystatin mouthwash alone | The combined therapy helped to improve the denture stomatitis showing no adverse effects. | [99] 2019 |
| S. mutans, C. albicans, C. glabrata, and C. parapsilosis | In vitro study | Propolis, saline, or alkaline peroxide solutions | The propolis solution had an antimicrobial effect against S. mutans and C. albicans, showing no immediate effect on denture biofilm. | [100] 2019 |
| C. albicans | Patients wearing removable dentures | Chitosan-curcuminoid/PEG mouthwash compared to chlorhexidine | The composite alcohol-free mouthwash was a safe topical therapeutic for treating candida-associated denture stomatitis. | [101] 2019 |
| Aspergillus | Patients with chronic pulmonary Aspergillosis | Intravenous followed by oral administration of itraconazole | The treatments with itraconazole were effective on chronic pulmonary Aspergillosis. | [102] 2019 |
| Aspergillus | Patients with invasive Aspergillosis | Single and multiple ascending intravenous doses of an antifungal drug (VL-2397) | The dosing of VL-2397 was safe, non-accumulative, and tolerable in both healthy subjects and patients. | [103] 2019 |
| C. albicans | Patients wearing dentures with stomatitis | Photodynamic inactivation by GaA1As diode laser in comparison with nystatin | Both treatments were equally effective in treating denture stomatitis. | [104] 2019 |
| C. albicans | Patients wearing maxillary dentures | Dettol and Lifebuoy liquid soaps compared to sodium hypochlorite and phosphate-buffered saline solution as positive and negative controls | The liquid soaps efficiently reduced the fungal biofilm. | [105] 2020 |
| C. albicans | Patients after head and neck radiotherapy | Probiotics, including L. acidophilus, B. longum, L. rhamnosus, and S. boulardii | The probiotic bacteria could effectively reduce the oral Candida load. | [106] 2020 |
| Aspergillus | Patients with otomycosis | Clotrimazole cream and tolnaftate solution | Clotrimazole improved otitis better. | [107] 2020 |