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. 2023 Jan 31;16(2):215. doi: 10.3390/ph16020215

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Molecular mechanisms related to the antioxidant effect of LBPs. LBPs play antioxidant roles by directly or indirectly eliminating free radicals. Indirect ways of scavenging free radicals include regulating related genes, increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, mitochondrial pathway, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Nrf2: nuclear respiratory factor 2; GSH-Px: glutathione peroxidase; CAT: catalase glutathione; ROS: reactive oxide species; PGC-1α: peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γcoactivator-l alpha; TFAM: transcription factor A, mitochondrial; NRF-1: nuclear respiratory factor 1; GRP78: glucose regulated protein 78; CHOP: C/EBP homology protein; p-eIF2α: phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor-2 alpha.