Table 3.
Life history traits and reproductive parameters of adult BSF that were fed with carbohydrate-rich honey solutions (5–50% w/v). Tap water served as reference. Longevity was determined for males (♂) and females (♀). Data are means ± SD. Different letters (a–e) within a row indicate statistically significant differences between diets (p < 0.05; one-way ANOVA; Kaplan–Meier estimator for longevity-related data).
| Parameters | n | Tap Water |
5% Honey |
10% Honey |
25% Honey |
50% Honey |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adult preoviposition period (d) | n = 30 | 9.1 ± 1.1 a | 9.2 ± 1.1 a | 9.0 ± 1.4 a | 8.4 ± 0.3 a | 8.0 ± 0.3 a | |
| Oviposition period (d) | n = 30 | 5.0 ± 0.8 a | 7.3 ± 3.4 a | 8.0 ± 3.6 a | 4.0 ± 0.8 a | 1.7 ± 0.5 a | |
| Oviposition peak (d) | n = 30 | 8.3 ± 1.2 a | 7.3 ± 0.5 a | 8.6 ± 1.7 a | 8.7 ± 0.5 a | 7.7 ± 0.5 a | |
| Oviposition span (min–max d) | n = 30 | 6–14 | 6–19 | 5–20 | 6–15 | 7–9 | |
| Adult longevity (d) | ♂ | n = 30 | 20.5 ± 1.3 a | 21.4 ± 1.2 ab | 18.9 ± 0.7 ac | 14.7 ± 0.9 d | 10.5 ± 0.8 e |
| ♀ | n = 30 | 17.6 ± 1.0 a | 20.8 ± 0.8 b | 17.6 ± 0.9 ac | 13.1 ± 0.2 d | 10.1 ± 0.2 e | |
| total | n = 60 | 19.1 ± 1.1 a | 21.1 ± 1.0 b | 18.3 ± 0.7 ac | 13.9 ± 0.6 d | 10.3 ± 0.3 e | |
| Adult longevity (min–max d) | ♂ | n = 30 | 13–26 | 14–34 | 14–27 | 10–18 | 7–17 |
| ♀ | n = 30 | 10–28 | 13–33 | 13–25 | 9–17 | 7–15 | |
| total | n = 60 | 10–28 | 13–34 | 13–27 | 9–18 | 7–17 | |
| AL50 (d) | n = 60 | 19.0 ± 2.8 a | 20.0 ± 1.4 a | 17.7 ± 0.5 ab | 14.3 ± 0.5 b | 9.3 ± 0.5 c | |
| Female longevity after oviposition (d) | n = 30 | 6.7 ± 1.8 a | 11.5 ± 0.6 b | 8.4 ± 2.2 ac | 4.8 ± 0.4 ad | 2.4 ± 0.4 e | |
| Fecundity (egg clutches/10 females) | n = 30 | 7.0 ± 0.8 a | 9.0 ± 0.8 ab | 9.3 ± 0.5 ab | 6.3 ± 0.9 ac | 4.0 ± 0.8 c | |
| Egg clutch weight (mg) | n = 30 | 15.0 ± 2.1 a | 20.3 ± 1.0 a | 18.0 ± 3.3 a | 15.2 ± 2.9 a | 12.7 ± 2.9 a | |
| Span of egg clutch weight (min–max mg) |
n = 30 | 11.3–31.8 | 10.7–33.0 | 5.8–41.7 | 3.4–42.0 | 8.7–22.1 | |
| Mean egg yield (mg eggs/10 females) | n = 30 | 106.9 ± 26.9 a | 182.4 ± 10.7 b | 167.7 ± 27.8 ab | 94.6 ± 16.4 ac | 52.5 ± 22.3 ac | |
| Total egg yield (mg eggs) | n = 30 | 320.8 | 489.5 | 487.0 | 308.9 | 157.6 | |
| Egg clutch size (eggs/clutch) | n = 30 | 626.5 ± 86.1 a | 847.4 ± 41.0 a | 751.1 ± 136.7 a | 633.8 ± 122.2 a | 527.8 ± 122.8 a | |
| Span of egg clutch size (min–max eggs) |
n = 30 | 471–1325 | 271–1375 | 242–1738 | 163–1750 | 363–921 | |
| Multiple oviposition events (yes/no (number)) |
n = 30 | yes (2) | yes (15) | yes (9) | yes (6) | yes (1) | |
| No oviposition (yes/no (number)) | n = 30 | yes (9) | yes (3) | yes (2) | yes (11) | yes (18) | |