Table 4.
Life history traits and reproductive parameters of adult BSF that were fed with d-Glucose solutions (5–50% w/v). Tap water served as reference. Longevity was determined for males (♂) and females (♀). Data are means ± SD. Different letters (a–e) within a row indicate statistically significant differences between diets (p < 0.05; one-way ANOVA; Kaplan–Meier estimator for longevity-related data).
| Parameters | n | Tap Water |
5% Glucose |
10% Glucose |
25% Glucose |
50% Glucose |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adult preoviposition period (d) | n = 30 | 9.1 ± 1.1 a | 7.9 ± 1.5 ab | 7.6 ± 0.8 ab | 6.4 ± 0.3 b | 6.1 ± 0.3 b | |
| Oviposition period (d) | n = 30 | 5.0 ± 0.8 a | 3.3 ± 1.9 a | 3.3 ± 1.2 a | 2.0 ± 0.8 a | 1.7 ± 0.5 a | |
| Oviposition peak (d) | n = 30 | 8.3 ± 1.2 a | 8.3 ± 1.2 a | 8.0 ± 1.4 a | 6.4 ± 0.3 a | 5.8 ± 0.6 a | |
| Oviposition span (min–max d) | n = 30 | 6–14 | 5–11 | 5–10 | 5–8 | 5–7 | |
| Adult longevity (d) | ♂ | n = 30 | 20.5 ± 1.3 a | 15.0 ± 0.6 b | 13.6 ± 0.4 c | 8.2 ± 0.5 d | 7.8 ± 0.4 d |
| ♀ | n = 30 | 17.6 ± 1.0 a | 13.6 ± 1.6 b | 13.1 ± 0.4 b | 8.0 ± 0.7 c | 8.0 ± 0.4 c | |
| total | n = 60 | 19.1 ± 1.1 a | 14.3 ± 1.1 b | 13.3 ± 0.4 c | 8.1 ± 0.6 d | 7.9 ± 0.4 d | |
| Adult longevity (min–max d) | ♂ | n = 30 | 13–26 | 6–21 | 6–18 | 5–11 | 4–10 |
| ♀ | n = 30 | 10–28 | 6–23 | 5–18 | 5–12 | 4–10 | |
| total | n = 60 | 10–28 | 6–23 | 5–18 | 5–12 | 4–10 | |
| AL50 (d) | n = 60 | 19.0 ± 2.8 a | 13.7 ± 1.7 b | 14.0 ± 0.0 b | 8.0 ± 0.8 c | 7.7 ± 0.5 c | |
| Female longevity after oviposition (d) | n = 30 | 6.7 ± 1.8 a | 5.6 ± 2.1 a | 6.1 ± 1.1 a | 2.0 ± 1.0 b | 2.1 ± 0.5 b | |
| Fecundity (egg clutches/10 females) | n = 30 | 7.0 ± 0.8 a | 5.7 ± 0.5 ab | 4.7 ± 0.5 bc | 3.0 ± 0.8 c | 2.7 ± 0.5 c | |
| Egg clutch weight (mg) | n = 30 | 15.0 ± 2.1 a | 14.2 ± 0.2 a | 15.2 ± 1.5 a | 12.3 ± 1.7 a | 11.8 ± 2.2 a | |
| Span of egg clutch weight (min–max mg) |
n = 30 | 11.3–31.8 | 5.8–21.8 | 9.5–22.3 | 4.2–22.5 | 3.9–20.3 | |
| Mean egg yield (mg eggs/10 females) | n = 30 | 106.9 ± 26.9 a | 80.7 ± 6.3 ab | 71.7 ± 13.7 ab | 38.2 ± 14.4 b | 32.3 ± 10.6 b | |
| Total egg yield (mg eggs) | n = 30 | 320.8 | 241.0 | 215.1 | 114.6 | 96.9 | |
| Egg clutch size (eggs/clutch) | n = 30 | 626.5 ± 86.1 a | 593.4 ± 7.6 a | 633.8 ± 63.0 a | 512.8 ± 72.6 a | 490.0 ± 91.4 a | |
| Span of egg clutch size (min–max eggs) |
n = 30 | 471–1325 | 242–908 | 396–929 | 175–938 | 163–846 | |
| Multiple oviposition events (yes/no (number)) |
n = 30 | yes (2) | yes (4) | yes (2) | no | no | |
| No oviposition (yes/no (number)) | n = 30 | yes (9) | yes (13) | yes (16) | yes (21) | yes (22) | |