Table 2.

List of the fluorescent biosensors for virus detection.

Material	Virus/Disease	Recognition Element	Dynamic Range	LOD	Real Sample	Reference
AuNRs	HBV	ssDNA	0.045 to 6.0 nM	15 pM	Human blood	[68]
Ag@SiO2 nanoparticles	H5N1 influenza virus	aptamer	2 to 200 ng/mL (in buffer) 3.5 to 100 ng/mL (in serum)	2 ng/mL (in buffer) 3.5 ng/mL (in serum)	Human serum	[83]
GO	Ebola virus gene influenza	dsDNA	30 fM–3 nM	1.4 pM	Human serum	[90]
AuNPs-GO	HIV-1 gene	dsDNA	50 fM–1 nM	15 fM	Human serum	[91]
AgNCs/GO	HIV	dsDNA	10–200 nM	1.18 nM	Human serum	[92]
g-C3N4 Graphitic carbon nitride (gC3N4) nanosheets	HBV gene	DNA	2–100 nM	1 nM	Human serum	[93]
rGONs	HCV	dsDNA	-	10 fM	Human serum	[94]
GO	Influenza virus H3N2 Henagglutinin gene	RNA	37–9400 pg	3.8 pg	-	[95]
QDs	HIV, HBV	DNA	103 to 109 copies/mL	1 × 103 copies/mL	Human serum	[96]
QDs	Influenza (H1N1)	aptamer	10 nM–100 nM	3.45 nM	-	[97]
AuNPs	SARS-CoV-2	DNA	0.01–1 pM	160 fM	-	[98]