Table 3.
List of the Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS), Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)-based biosensors for virus detection.
| Technique | Material | Virus/Disease | Recognition Element | Dynamic Range | LOD | Real Sample |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SERS | Au-Gr film | Influenza | Hairpin DNA probe | 0–60 amole | 2.67 amole | - | [108] |
| SERS | - | Influenza | aptamer | - | 104 virus particles per sample | - | [109] |
| SERS | AuNPs | HBV | oligonucleotide | 0.01 fM–6 µM | 0.14 fM | serum | [110] |
| SPR | - | Epstein-Barr virus (LMP1 DNA) | LMP1 DNA probe | - | 4.1 × 10−5 RIU | - | [111] |
| SPR | Au-Al bilayer | Dengue virus (NS1 protein) | DNA | 0.1–10 µg/mL | - | Bovine whole blood | [112] |
| SPR | AgNPs | HIV | DNA | 0.3–2.0 nM | 195 pM | - | [113] |
| SPR | - | Avian influenza H5N1 | aptamer | 0.128 to 1.28 HAU | 0.128 HAU | poultry swab samples | [114] |
| SPR | - | African swine fever (ASF) virus vp72 gene | ssDNA/LNA probe | 0–15,000 copies/μL |
178 copies/µL | Pig blood | [115] |