Table 3.

Characteristics of participant by survey year cycle 2007–2008, 2009–2010, and 2017–2018.

	2007–2008	2009–2010	2017–2018	p-Value
Dietary intake of flavonoids (mg/day)
Daidzein	0.62 ± 0.08	0.79 ± 0.05	0.93 ± 0.13	0.09
Genistein	0.84 ± 0.10	1.12 ± 0.07	1.36 ± 0.19	0.02
Glycitein	0.11 ± 0.01	0.16 ± 0.01	0.21 ± 0.03	0.01
Cyanidin	2.22 ± 0.19	2.99 ± 0.25	2.82 ± 0.42	0.04
Petunidin	0.77 ± 0.10	1.38 ± 0.18	1.40 ± 0.17	0.001
Delphinidin	1.04 ± 0.13	2.10 ± 0.29	1.96 ± 0.24	<0.001
Malvidin	4.05 ± 0.46	5.23 ± 0.47	5.36 ± 0.56	0.11
Pelargonidin	1.44 ± 0.21	1.88 ± 0.25	1.60 ± 0.16	0.36
Peonidin	1.23 ± 0.12	2.11 ± 0.30	2.85 ± 0.32	<0.0001
Catechin	7.71 ± 0.32	8.18 ± 0.24	7.58 ± 0.33	0.26
Epigallocatechin	17.41 ± 1.11	15.93 ± 1.30	16.76 ± 1.57	0.66
Epicatechin	10.24 ± 0.41	10.13 ± 0.37	9.97 ± 0.41	0.9
Epicatechin 3-gallate	11.50 ± 0.74	10.44 ± 0.88	10.41 ± 0.98	0.53
Epigallocatechin 3-gallate	30.12 ± 1.90	27.50 ± 2.25	28.75 ± 3.60	0.64
Theaflavin	1.77 ± 0.12	1.59 ± 0.14	1.41 ± 0.15	0.22
Thearubigins	101.89 ± 6.79	91.63 ± 8.00	79.87 ± 7.67	0.14
Eriodictyol	0.19 ± 0.01	0.20 ± 0.01	0.14 ± 0.01	0.004
Hesperetin	9.55 ± 0.61	10.05 ± 0.35	7.24 ± 0.35	<0.0001
Naringenin	3.52 ± 0.29	3.40 ± 0.20	3.26 ± 0.30	0.82
Apigenin	0.23 ± 0.03	0.31 ± 0.07	0.17 ± 0.01	0.03
Luteolin	0.64 ± 0.04	0.74 ± 0.03	0.74 ± 0.04	0.11
Isorhamnetin	0.80 ± 0.04	0.90 ± 0.03	0.87 ± 0.03	0.08
Kaempferol	4.55 ± 0.19	4.64 ± 0.16	4.74 ± 0.12	0.7
Myricetin	1.51 ± 0.07	1.46 ± 0.08	1.64 ± 0.07	0.23
Quercetin	11.70 ± 0.41	11.91 ± 0.30	10.58 ± 0.24	0.004
Theaflavin-3,3′-digallate	1.96 ± 0.14	1.76 ± 0.16	1.55 ± 0.17	0.2
Theaflavin-3′-gallate	1.66 ± 0.12	1.49 ± 0.13	1.32 ± 0.14	0.23
Theaflavin-3-gallate	1.42 ± 0.10	1.27 ± 0.12	1.10 ± 0.12	0.17
Gallocatechin	1.87 ± 0.12	1.71 ± 0.14	1.55 ± 0.12	0.23
Subtotal Catechins	78.85 ± 4.38	73.90 ± 5.11	75.03 ± 6.76	0.72
Total Isoflavones	1.58 ± 0.19	2.06 ± 0.13	2.50 ± 0.34	0.04
Total Anthocyanidins	10.74 ± 0.91	15.68 ± 1.09	15.99 ± 1.48	<0.001
Total Flavan-3-ols	187.55 ± 11.60	171.63 ± 13.66	160.28 ± 11.43	0.27
Total Flavanones	13.26 ± 0.87	13.65 ± 0.52	10.64 ± 0.58	0.001
Total Flavones	0.87 ± 0.05	1.05 ± 0.08	0.91 ± 0.04	0.18
Total Flavonols	18.56 ± 0.68	18.92 ± 0.52	17.82 ± 0.40	0.26
Total Sum of all 29 flavonoids	232.55 ± 12.43	222.98 ± 14.09	208.13 ± 11.66	0.39
Baseline sociodemographic, lifestyle, and health-related variables
Age, years	46.85 ± 0.47	46.96 ± 0.51	47.29 ± 0.55	0.82
Gender, %				0.41
Female	53.69% (51.99%, 55.40%)	52.22% (51.03%, 53.40%)	52.15% (49.83%, 54.47%)
Male	46.31% (44.60%, 48.01%)	47.78% (46.60%, 48.97%)	47.85% (45.53%, 50.17%)
Ethnicity, %				0.16
Black	11.15% (7.55%, 14.75%)	11.49% (9.76%, 13.23%)	11.61% (8.35%, 14.87%)
Mexican	8.39% (5.63%, 11.16%)	8.32% (4.51%, 12.13%)	9.12% (5.80%, 12.44%)
Other	9.91% (6.71%, 13.10%)	11.56% (8.05%, 15.08%)	17.06% (14.12%, 19.99%)
White	70.55% (64.29%, 76.80%)	68.62% (62.27%, 74.97%)	62.22% (56.62%, 67.82%)
Education, %				0.002
<9 years	6.29% (4.87%, 7.71%)	5.84% (4.53%, 7.15%)	3.03% (2.14%, 3.92%)
9–12 years	38.37% (34.35%, 42.38%)	34.87% (32.08%, 37.67%)	33.65% (30.25%, 37.04%)
>12 years	55.34% (50.57%, 60.11%)	59.29% (56.52%, 62.05%)	63.32% (59.82%, 66.83%)
Marital status, %				0.81
Without partner	37.71% (33.75%, 41.68%)	36.42% (34.30%, 38.54%)	37.20% (34.42%, 39.98%)
With partner	62.29% (58.32%, 66.25%)	63.58% (61.46%, 65.70%)	62.80% (60.02%, 65.58%)
PIR	3.01 ± 0.09	2.96 ± 0.05	3.06 ± 0.06	0.47
BMI (kg/m2)	28.74 ± 0.20	28.83 ± 0.13	29.77 ± 0.28	0.01
Daily energy intake (kcal)	4120.26 ± 52.88	4207.67 ± 44.41	4140.31 ± 43.02	0.36
Total Score of HEI	53.09 ± 0.65	54.30 ± 0.36	52.52 ± 0.71	0.04
DII	1.65 ± 0.10	1.33 ± 0.04	1.45 ± 0.09	0.004
Total time of PA (mins/week)	1274.92 ± 50.84	1102.61 ± 33.04	1463.02 ± 60.66	<0.0001
Total MET of PA (/week)	5094.71 ± 230.20	4243.83 ± 171.63	5870.06 ± 274.40	<0.0001
Smoking status, %				0.01
Never	53.62% (50.24%, 57.00%)	55.61% (51.57%, 59.66%)	59.99% (56.97%, 63.01%)
Former	24.11% (22.33%, 25.89%)	25.11% (22.18%, 28.04%)	24.13% (22.21%, 26.05%)
Now	22.27% (19.75%, 24.79%)	19.27% (17.31%, 21.24%)	15.88% (13.51%, 18.25%)
Alcohol usage, %				<0.0001
Never	11.56% (9.94%, 13.17%)	10.87% (9.09%, 12.65%)	9.62% (8.28%, 10.96%)
Former	17.53% (14.56, 20.50)	15.21% (13.27%, 17.15%)	0.65% (0.33%, 0.98%)
Mild	34.23% (30.60, 37.85)	35.69% (32.90%, 38.47%)	44.89% (41.47%, 48.31%)
Moderate	15.60% (13.66, 17.54)	16.65% (14.58%, 18.72%)	21.97% (20.55%, 23.39%)
Heavy	21.09% (19.46, 22.71)	21.59% (19.12%, 24.05%)	22.87% (20.11%, 25.63%)
Disease history at interview
DM, %				0.45
No	78.14% (75.37%, 80.90%)	80.15% (78.17%, 82.13%)	78.61% (76.44%, 80.79%)
Yes	21.86% (19.10%, 24.63%)	19.85% (17.87%, 21.83%)	21.39% (19.21%, 23.56%)
Hyperlipidemia, %				0.002
No	28.37% (25.98%, 30.76%)	29.88% (28.12%, 31.64%)	35.17% (31.50%, 38.83%)
Yes	71.63% (69.24%, 74.02%)	70.12% (68.36%, 71.88%)	64.83% (61.17%, 68.50%)
CVD, %				0.96
No	91.06% (90.00%, 92.12%)	91.06% (89.71%, 92.41%)	90.84% (89.16%, 92.53%)
Yes	8.94% (7.88%, 10.00%)	8.94% (7.59%, 10.29%)	9.16% (7.47%, 10.84%)
Respiratory system disease, %				<0.0001
ACO	2.58% (2.05%, 3.11%)	2.11% (1.57%, 2.65%)	1.87% (1.07%, 2.66%)
Asthma	11.83% (9.90%, 13.75%)	10.14% (9.25%, 11.04%)	12.78% (11.05%, 14.51%)
COPD	4.39% (3.46%, 5.33%)	3.81% (2.65%, 4.98%)	1.19% (0.80%, 1.58%)
No	81.20% (78.58%, 83.82%)	83.94% (82.45%, 85.42%)	84.16% (81.87%, 86.44%)
Stroke, %				0.49
No	96.30% (95.59%, 97.00%)	96.83% (96.33%, 97.34%)	96.70% (95.99%, 97.40%)
Yes	3.70% (3.00%, 4.41%)	3.17% (2.66%, 3.67%)	3.30% (2.60%, 4.01%)
Cancer, %				0.46
No	90.69% (89.63%, 91.75%)	90.06% (88.86%, 91.26%)	89.70% (88.56%, 90.83%)
Yes	9.31% (8.25%, 10.37%)	9.94% (8.74%, 11.14%)	10.30% (9.17%, 11.44%)
Hypertension, %				0.18
No	63.63% (61.50%, 65.76%)	64.67% (61.79%, 67.55%)	61.19% (58.00%, 64.38%)
Yes	36.37% (34.24%, 38.50%)	35.33% (32.45%, 38.21%)	38.81% (35.62%, 42.00%)

Continuous variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation and categorical variables are presented as percentage (95% CIs).