Table 3.

In vivo therapeutic effects of glycosides on experimental IBD.

No.	Name	Type	Origin	Optimal Doses (/kg Body Weight)	Model	Potential Mechanism	References
74	Dioscin	Steroidal saponin	Ophiopogon intermedius	160 mg	DSS-induced acute colitis in BALB/c mice	Regulates the polarization of macrophages.	[172]
75	Pelargonidin 3-glucoside	Anthocyanidin glycoside	Lonicera caerulea	8 mg	DSS-induced chronic IBD in rats	Reduces inflammation and reduces IBD symptoms.	[173]
76	2,3,5,4′-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside	Glucoside	Polygonum multiflorum	100 mg	DSS-induced acute colitis in BALB/c mice	Reduces inflammation and regulates the intestinal microbiota.	[174]
77	Ginsenoside Rb1	Ginsenoside	Panax vietnamensis	40 mg	DSS-induced acute colitis in C57BL/6 mice	Attenuation of mouse colitis by activation of the endoplasmic reticulum resident E3 ubiquitin ligase Hrd1 signaling pathway.	[16]
78	Ginsenoside Rd	Ginsenoside	Panax vietnamensis	20 mg	Sprague–Dawley rats injected with indomethacin	Stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of endogenous intestinal stem cells and restores intestinal function.	[168]
79	Ginsenoside Rg1	Ginsenoside	Panax vietnamensis	200 mg	DSS-induced acute colitis in C57BL/6 mice	Alleviation of acute UC by modulating gut microbiota and microbial tryptophan metabolism.	[169]
80	Ginsenoside Rh2	Ginsenoside	Panax vietnamensis	50 mg	DSS-induced acute colitis in C57BL/6J mice	Mitigation of UC by regulating STAT3/miR-214 signaling pathway.	[170]
81	Ginsenoside Rk3	Ginsenoside	Panax vietnamensis	40 mg	DSS-induced acute colitis in C57BL/6 mice	Protection of the colonic barrier and inhibition of NLRP3 inflammatory vesicles.	[171]
82	Paeoniflorin	Terpene glycoside	Paeonia	50 mg	DSS-induced acute colitis in C57BL/6 mice	Inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK pathway activation by reducing TLR4 expression.	[175]
				20 mg	DSS-induced acute colitis in C57BL/6 mice	Inhibition of inflammatory response and eosinophil infiltration.	[161]
83	Salidroside	Glycoside	Salix atrocinerea	40 mg	DSS-induced acute colitis in C57BL/6 mice	Protection of mice with colitis by activation of the SIRT1/FoxOs pathway, which is associated with oxidative stress and apoptosis in colonic tissues.	[162]
84	Anemoside B4	Saponin	Pulsatilla chinensis	100 mg	DSS-induced acute colitis in C57BL/6 mice	Regulation of inflammatory response, colonic transcriptome, and intestinal microbiota.	[176]
85	Wogonoside	Flavonoid glycoside	Scutellaria baicalensis	50 mg	DSS-induced acute colitis in C57BL/6 mice	Improving intestinal epithelial barrier function through the MLCK/pMLC2 pathway alleviates colitis.	[163]
86	Hesperidin	Flavanone glycoside	Citrus aurantium	40 mg	DSS-induced acute colitis in C57BL/6 mice	Prevents intestinal inflammation by restoring intestinal barrier function and upregulating Treg cells.	[164]