Table 8.

In vivo therapeutic effects of natural polysaccharides on experimental IBD.

No.	Name	Origin	Optimal Doses (/kg Body Weight)	Model	Potential Mechanism	References
148	Chitosan oligosaccharide	Dietary fiber chitosan	10 mg	DSS-induced acute colitis in ICR mice	Inhibition of NF- B signaling pathway and apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells.	[270]
149	Mannose	/	500 mg	DSS-induced acute colitis in C57BL/6 mice	Enhanced lysosomal integrity and limited release of histone B; reduced intestinal barrier damage.	[271]
150	Lycium barbarum polysaccharides	Lycium barbarum	100 mg	DSS-induced acute colitis in Sprague–Dawley rats	Inhibition of oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and pain signaling.	[211]
151	Astragalus polysaccharides	Astragalus membranaceus	300 mg	DSS-induced acute colitis in C57BL/6 mice	Inhibits the NRF2/HO-1 pathway.	[263]
			200 mg	DSS-induced acute colitis in C57BL/6 mice	Regulation of Tfh/Treg cell homeostasis.	[264]
152	Chrysanthemum polysaccharides	Chrysanthemum morifolium	100 mg	TNBS-induced acute colitis in Sprague–Dawley rats	Promotes the growth of beneficial intestinal flora, regulates the intestinal micro-ecological balance, and restores the immune system.	[272]
			50 mg	TNBS-induced acute colitis in Sprague–Dawley rats	Regulation of metabolic profiles and NF-κ B/TLR4 and IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathways.	[273]
153	Garlic polysaccharides	Allium sativum L.	400 mg	DSS-induced acute colitis in C57BL/6 mice	Improves the mucosal barrier, blocks pro-inflammatory cytokines, and regulates the intestinal microbiota.	[274]
154	Polysaccharides from Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.	Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.	40 mg	DSS-induced acute colitis in C57BL/6J mice	Modification of intestinal flora and host metabolism to improve UC.	[275]
155	Mannoglucan	Chinese yam	300 mg	DSS-induced acute colitis in C57BL/6J mice	Inhibits excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, suppresses activation of colonic inflammatory signaling pathways, enhances mRNA expression of ligand proteins, and regulates intestinal microbiota.	[276]
156	Dendrobium fimbriatum polysaccharides	Dendrobium fimbriatum	/	DSS-induced acute colitis in C57BL/6J mice	Improves intestinal barrier function, regulates intestinal flora, and reduces oxidative stress and inflammatory response.	[277]
157	Ficus carica polysaccharides	Ficus carica	300 mg	DSS-induced chronic colitis in C57BL/6 mice	Improvement of colon length and inhibition of inflammatory cell infiltration in the intestine.	[278]
158	Crude Fuzhuan brick tea polysaccharides	Fuzhuan brick tea	/	DSS-induced colitis in C57BL/6 mice	Regulates intestinal flora, reduces inflammatory response, and improves intestinal barrier function.	[279]
159	Lonicera japonica Thunb polysaccharides	Lonicera japonica Thunb	150 mg	DSS-induced acute colitis in BALB/c mice	Restoration of immune disorders and improvement of anti-inflammatory activity of immune organs in UC mice.	[280]
160	Noni fruit polysaccharides	Morinda citrifolia L.	10 mg	DSS-induced acute colitis in BALB/c mice	Targeting intestinal microbiota regulation; inhibition of JNK, ERK, and NF-κB phosphorylation in IBD mice.	[281]
161	Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi polysaccharides	Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi	200 mg	DSS-induced acute colitis in C57BL/6 mice	Improvement of intestinal barrier function and regulation of intestinal microbiota.	[282]
162	Auricularia auricular-judae polysaccharides	Auricularia auricular-judae	40 mg	DSS-induced acute colitis in BALB/c mice	Regulation of the composition of the intestinal microbiota.	[262]
163	Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides	Ganoderma lucidum	/	DSS-induced acute colitis in Wistar rats	Alteration of cecum microbiota and colonic epithelial cell gene expression.	[283]
			100 mg	DSS-induced acute colitis in C57BL/6 mice	Reduces inflammation, maintains intestinal homeostasis, and regulates intestinal immune barrier function.	[284]
164	Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides	Tremella fuciformis	300 mg	DSS-induced acute colitis in C57BL/6 mice	Regulation of intestinal microbiota and bacterial metabolites.	[267]
165	Dictyophora indusiata polysaccharides	Dictyophora indusiata	33 mg	DSS-induced acute colitis in BALB/c mice	By improving intestinal damage, oxidative stress and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines; regulating intestinal flora.	[265]
			100 mg	DSS-induced acute colitis in C57BL/6 mice	Reduced oxidative stress and inflammatory response, inhibited key signaling pathways associated with colitis, improved expression of tight junction proteins, and downregulated polarization of M1 macrophages.	[285]

“/” indicates that the reference is not mentioned or is unclear.