Table 1.

RGD peptide-based and RGD-functionalized materials for TE applications.

Type of RGD Peptide	Structure of the RGD	Type of Tissue	Applications	References
RGD-GO-PLGA	Nanofibers	Muscle cells	Regeneration of vascular smooth muscle	[14]
Functionalization of chitosan, gelatin, β-glycerphosphate with RGD peptide	Hydrogel	Myocardial tissue	Vascularization and tissue regeneration	[76]
Chitosan/biphasic calcium phosphate scaffolds functionalized-RGD	Hydrogel	Bone tissue	Bone regeneration	[77]
RGD	Hydrogels	Bone tissue	Growth-factor-free microenvironment	[49]
c-RGDfK	Hydrogel	Bone tissue	Bone regeneration	[50]
Functionalized RGD	Hydrogels	Bone tissue	Bone sialoprotein	[55]
RGD-conjugated PEG-diacrylate (PEODA)	Hydrogel	Bone tissue	Osteogenesis of bone marrow derived stromal cells	[78]
RGD-peptide-coupled alginates	Gel	Bone tissue	Chemoenzymatic	[15]
RGD peptides	Gel	Bone tissue	Mesenchymal stem cell	[79]
RGD-modified three-dimensional porous PCL scaffolds	Gel	Bone tissue	Interaction between bone marrow stromal cells	[80]
RGD-modified silk	Fiber	Bone tissue	Ligament fibroblast responses	[81]
Lysine-cyclic RGD peptide	NA	Bone tissue	Cell retention technology	[21]
Laser groove/RGD-functionalized Ti-6Al-4V	NA	Bone tissue	Pins in rabbit femurs	[60]
RGD-decorated PLGA	Fiber	Skeletal tissue	Skeletal tissue regeneration	[30]
Hyaluronic acid/RGD-functionalized	Hydrogel	Cartilage tissue	Enhancement in chondrogenesis	[82]
Cyclic RGD-peptides	NA	Cartilage tissue	Articular cartilage	[16]
RGD	Fiber	Cardiac tissue	Cardiac tissue engineering	[22]
RGD motifs	Myofibers	Heart/cardiac tissue	Myocardial repair	[23]
RGDfK-Peptide	Gel	Cardiac tissue	Cell transplantation and cardiac neovascularization	[24]
Immobilized RGD peptide	Gel	Cardiac tissue	Cardiac tissue engineering	[25]
RGD-modified acellular bovine pericardium	Fiber	Acellular tissues	Scaffold for tissue engineered heart valves	[83]
RGD dimer peptides	Fiber	Aortic arch tissue	Imaging of high-risk atherosclerotic plaques	[84]
Cyclic RGD peptide	Hydrogels	Vascular grafts tissue	Enhancement in graft performance	[64]
RGD-modified poly(ester-urethane) urea	Fiber	Vascular tissue	Potential application for vascular tissue engineering	[67]
Functionalized RGD	Fiber	Endothelial tissue	Rabbit carotid artery model	[65]
RGD-functionalized polymer	Fibers	Endothelial cells	Adhesion of human umbilical vein endothelial cells	[20]
GRGDSP	NA	Blood tissue	Endothelization of small-diameter vascular grafts and tissue engineering of blood vessels	[32]
Recombinant RGD-Silk	Fiber	Human corneal cells	Substrates for human corneal cells	[70]
ECM peptide RGD	Fiber	Human corneal epithelial tissue	Corneal epithelial contact guidance	[85]
RGD-alginate	Hydrogel	Retinal tissue	Improvement in retinal tissue development	[74]
Helicoidal multi-lamellar features of RGD-functionalized	NA	Corneal tissue	Corneal tissue engineering	[86]
Bicyclic RGD peptides	Fiber	Neurites	Nerve growth	[48]
RGD-modified peptide	Hydrogel	Gland tissue	Gland tissue growth and morphology in vitro	[29]
RGD-modified polymers	Fiber	CNS tissue replacement	Stimulated cell adhesion	[17]
Functionalized RGD	Hydrogel	Neural tissue	Neural tissue repair	[45]
Phospholipid bilayers functionalized RGD peptides	3D Gel	Scaffold-based tissue	Neural stem cell adhesion and proliferation	[87]
Bicyclic RGD peptides	NA	NA	Integrin αvβ3 receptor	[19]
RGD	NA	Fibroactin tissue	Cell adhesion	[88]
RGD-modified recombinant spider silk proteins	Fiber	Fibroblasts	Cell adhesion and proliferation	[89]