Table 1.
Phenolic maturity. Fractionation of anthocyanins (Cyanidin-3-glucoside, Delphinidin-3-glucoside, Malvidin-3-acetylglucoside, Malvidin-3-cumarylglucoside, Malvidin-3-glucoside, Peonidin-3-acetylglucoside, Peonidin-3-cumarylglucoside, Peonidin-3-glucoside, and Petunidin-3-glucoside) and Coumaric Acid, Gallic Acid, Caffeic Acid, Ferulic Acid, Kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, Quercetin-3-O-glucoside, Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, Quercetin-3-O-galactoside, and Quercetin-3-O-glucuronide of Vitis vinifera treated with Zeowine, Zeolite, and Compost during the 2021 season. Measurements were conducted four times: full veraison (29 July 2021 and 18 July 2022), mid-maturation (18 August 2021 and 4 August 2022), full maturation (31 August 2021 and 17 August 2022), and harvest (14 September 2021 and 5 September 2022). Data (mean ± SE, n = 10) were subjected to one-way ANOVA. Different letters indicate significant differences between Zeowine, Zeolite, and Compost (LSD test, p ≤ 0.05).
| 6 August 2021 | 18 August 2021 | 31 August 2021 | 14 September 2021 | u.m. | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zeowine | Zeolite | Compost | Zeowine | Zeolite | Compost | Zeowine | Zeolite | Compost | Zeowine | Zeolite | Compost | ||
| Cyanidin-3-glucoside | 12.90 ±4.25 a |
17.30 ±6.18 a |
18.10 ±2.12 a |
20.80 ±1.66 a |
19.20 ±3.52 a |
15.00 ±3.04 a |
17.20 ±3.31 a |
5.50 ±3.47 b |
19.90 ±2.88 a |
14.20 ±5.12 a |
10.20 ±4.21 b |
17.60 ±3.07 a |
% |
| Delphinidin-3-glucoside | 13.70 ±1.37 a |
14.90 ±2.14 a |
13.90 ±2.25 a |
15.90 ±2.15 a |
15.30 ±2.47 a |
16.70 ±1.07 a |
15.70 ±4.18 a |
7.00 ±3.52 a |
13.90 ±3.47 a |
14.10 ±5.01 a |
12.90 ±3.92 a |
16.10 ±2.17 a |
% |
| Malvidin-3-acetylglucoside | <0.10 ±0.00 a |
1.70 ±0.62 a |
<0.10 ±0.00 a |
<0.10 ±0.00 a |
<0.10 ±0.00 a |
<0.10 ±0.00 a |
<0.10 ±0.00 b |
7.40 ±3.44 a |
0.80 ±0.12 b |
<0.10 ±0.00 a |
<0.10 ±0.00 a |
<0.10 ±0.00 a |
% |
| Malvidin-3-cumarylglucoside | <0.10 ±0.00 a |
1.20 ±0.53 a |
<0.10 ±0.00 a |
<0.10 ±0.00 a |
<0.10 ±0.00 a |
<0.10 ±0.00 a |
0.40 ±0.22 b |
10.60 ±2.74 a |
0.90 ±0.18 b |
<0.10 ±0.00 a |
0.60 ±0.19 a |
<0.10 ±0.00 a |
% |
| Malvidin-3-glucoside | 42.90 ±5.78 a |
35.40 ±6.24 b |
37.60 ±3.56 ab |
32.50 ±4.18 a |
32.30 ±4.36 a |
37.90 ±4.42 a |
35.30 ±4.69 b |
50.50 ±4.25 a |
32.50 ±4.81 b |
39.70 ±4.65 b |
47.30 ±4.21 a |
33.50 ±4.16 b |
% |
| Peonidin-3-acetylglucoside | <0.10 ±0.00 a |
<0.10 ±0.00 a |
<0.10 ±0.00 a |
<0.10 ±0.00 a |
<0.10 ±0.00 a |
<0.10 ±0.00 a |
<0.10 ±0.00 a |
0.50 ±0.11 a |
<0.10 ±0.00 a |
<0.10 ±0.00 a |
<0.10 ±0.00 a |
<0.10 ±0.00 a |
% |
| Peonidin-3-cumarylglucoside | <0.10 ±0.00 a |
<0.10 ±0.00 a |
<0.10 ±0.00 a |
<0.10 ±0.00 a |
<0.10 ±0.00 a |
<0.10 ±0.00 a |
<0.10 ±0.00 a |
0.70 ±0.19 a |
<0.10 ±0.00 a |
<0.10 ±0.00 a |
<0.10 ±0.00 a |
<0.10 ±0.00 a |
% |
| Peonidin-3-glucoside | 12.20 ±1.47 a |
12.20 ±1.37 a |
13.00 ±1.98 a |
12.80 ±2.96 a |
15.80 ±3.04 a |
11.40 ±2.38 a |
13.60 ±2.93 ab |
8.50 ±2.27 b |
15.90 ±2.45 a |
14.60 ±3.86 a |
11.70 ±2.04 a |
14.30 ±2.12 a |
% |
| Petunidin-3-glucoside | 18.30 ±3.67 a |
17.20 ±3.23 a |
17.40 ±2.37 a |
18.00 ±4.23 a |
17.30 ±4.04 a |
19.10 ±3.34 a |
17.90 ±2.50 a |
9.50 ±2.13 b |
16.10 ±2.32 a |
17.50 ±2.45 a |
17.30 ±2.61 a |
18.60 ±1.44 a |
% |
| Caffeic Acid | n.d. ±0.00 a |
n.d. ±0.00 a |
n.d. ±0.00 a |
n.d. ±0.00 a |
n.d. ±0.00 a |
n.d. ±0.00 a |
n.d. ±0.00 a |
n.d. ±0.00 a |
n.d. ±0.00 a |
n.d. ±0.00 a |
n.d. ±0.00 a |
n.d. ±0.00 a |
mg kg−1 |
| Coumaric Acid | n.d. ±0.00 a |
n.d. ±0.00 a |
n.d. ±0.00 a |
n.d. ±0.00 a |
n.d. ±0.00 a |
n.d. ±0.00 a |
n.d. ±0.00 a |
n.d. ±0.00 a |
n.d. ±0.00 a |
n.d. ±0.00 a |
n.d. ±0.00 a |
n.d. ±0.00 a |
mg kg−1 |
| Ferulic Acid | n.d. ±0.00 a |
n.d. ±0.00 a |
n.d. ±0.00 a |
n.d. ±0.00 a |
n.d. ±0.00 a |
n.d. ±0.00 a |
n.d. ±0.00 a |
n.d. ±0.00 a |
n.d. ±0.00 a |
n.d. ±0.00 a |
n.d. ±0.00 a |
n.d. ±0.00 a |
mg kg−1 |
| Gallic Acid | 3.28 ±1.04 a |
3.18 ±0.65 a |
1.02 ±0.85 a |
1.48 ±0.87 a |
2.39 ±0.93 a |
1.78 ±0.67 a |
1.60 ±1.23 a |
2.02 ±1.55 a |
1.24 ±1.23 a |
1.17 ±1.27 a |
1.78 ±1.89 a |
0.94 ±1.03 a |
mg kg−1 |
| Quercetin-3-O-glucoside | 25.47 ±4.26 b |
33.70 ±5.27 b |
47.17 ±5.18 a |
49.77 ±4.21 a |
29.85 ±4.55 b |
41.93 ±6.36 a |
48.71 ±12.73 a |
34.53 ±14.45 b |
48.31 ±15.76 a |
64.05 ±16.34 b |
55.25 ±17.28 b |
76.96 ±14.61 a |
mg kg−1 |
| Quercetin-3-O-galactoside | 5.75 ±3.56 a |
8.57 ±3.78 a |
12.73 ±4.56 a |
9.18 ±2.46 a |
5.80 ±3.68 a |
8.15 ±4.76 a |
8.06 ±3.45 a |
5.98 ±3.23 a |
9.46 ±2.87 a |
13.50 ±4.23 ab |
10.11 ±4.36 b |
22.04 ±4.11 a |
mg kg−1 |
| Quercetin-3-O-glucuronide | 72.48 ±10.32 c |
89.04 ±15.95 b |
115.55 ±18.32 a |
66.60 ±11.87 b |
48.06 ±14.77 c |
90.05 ±18.39 a |
60.71 ±12.32 b |
74.67 ±17.14 a |
67.80 ±15.94 ab |
58.52 ±12.62 b |
44.51 ±13.46 c |
70.02 ±18.46 a |
mg kg−1 |
| Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside | 2.69 ±1.23 a |
3.56 ±1.83 a |
6.96 ±2.27 a |
2.50 ±1.22 a |
1.44 ±1.63 a |
2.85 ±1.85 a |
1.74 ±1.24 a |
0.49 ±0.12 a |
3.33 ±1.38 a |
1.73 ±0.92 a |
0.96 ±0.21 a |
2.92 ±0.99 a |
mg kg−1 |
| Kaempferol-3-O-glucoside | 4.87 ±1.04 b |
6.17 ±2.39 b |
12.79 ±2.82 a |
7.99 ±3.28 ab |
2.28 ±1.92 b |
10.15 ±3.58 a |
6.27 ±2.47 a |
6.61 ±2.86 a |
5.92 ±2.16 a |
7.53 ±4.34 ab |
6.08 ±3.52 b |
12.08 ±6.78 a |
mg kg−1 |