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. 2023 Feb 7;12(4):1328. doi: 10.3390/jcm12041328

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Schematic on study design. Three time periods were defined relative to the 1. positive COVID-19 test or diagnosis (index date): pre-COVID-19 until −14 days, acute-COVID-19 from −14 to +28 days, and post-COVID-19 from +28 days onwards. The post-COVID-19 PheWAS is used to validate features of PASC cases compared to COVID-19 cases without PASC diagnoses. The pre-COVID-19 and acute-COVID-19 PheWAS on the training data (index date in 2020–2021) inform on phenotype risk scores (PheRS) that will be used to predict PASC in the testing data (index date in 2022).