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. 2023 Jan 30;15(2):455. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020455

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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UMBO plus anti-PD-L1 activates microglia and modulates microglial phenotype. (Panel A): Flow cytometry analysis of the percentage of total microglia in all different groups (n = 4–5). (Panel B): UMBO plus anti-PD-L1 significantly enhanced (* p < 0.05) the percentage of CD68⁺ cells than an-ti-PD-L1 alone. (Panel C,D): UMBO plus anti-PD-L1 did not influence CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-lymphocytes percentages compared to other groups. (Panel E,F): No significant difference in CD206⁺ and CD206⁻ macrophages in all groups. UMBO plus anti-PD-L1 did not modulate macrophages’ expression. (Panel G): Green: Iba1 microglia/macrophages Blue: DAPI nuclear staining; microglia staining in anti-PD-L1 plus UMBO (right photos) treated group confirm a phenotype of activated microglia.