Table 1.

Interventions for the Management of Denture Stomatitis.

Author/Year	Intervention(s)	Number of RCTs Included	Main Findings	Risk of Bias
da Costa et al., 2020 [37]	Microwave	5	Microwave disinfection is equally effective as 0.2% chlorhexidine, 0.02% sodium hypochlorite, and topical nystatin (100,000 IU/mL), and superior to topical miconazole	Moderate
Davoudi 2018 [35]	Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) or photodynamic therapy (PDT	6	LLLT has a significant role in the clinical treatment of DS PDT and showed similar results to conventional antifungal therapies	Low–moderate
Emami E 2014 [38]	Efficacy of antifungal therapy with alternative methods	14	Disinfection methods could be considered as an adjunct to antifungal medications; no statistically significant difference between antifungals and disinfection for clinical and microbiological outcomes	Moderate–high
Firoozi et al., 2021 [39]	Antimicrobial Photodynamic therapy (aPDT) compared to Nystatin	3	aPDT may be effective in reducing Candida colony count and treating DS but is not superior to nystatin	Moderate
Hilgert et al., 2016 [40]	Any agent or procedure to treat DS	35	Nystatin and disinfecting agents can be an effective treatment for DS	High
Lyu et al., 2016 [41]	Comparison of nystatin with other antifungal agents	11	Nystatin pastille alone or pastille with suspension is more effective than suspension alone; prolonged treatment duration (4 weeks) can increase the efficacy of nystatin; Fluconazole superior in infants, children, or HIV patients	Moderate–high
Rai et al., 2022 [42]	Compared topical nystatin to other antifungal agents or placebo	24	Equal efficacy of 100,000 IU of nystatin suspension and six sessions of PDT for the treatment of DS	Moderate–high
Roomaney 2021 [43]	Photodynamic therapy	5	PDT comparable to systemic and topical antifungals	Low–moderate
Shui et al., 2021 [44]	Phytotherapy	19	Phytomedicines had fewer side effects and more patient satisfaction than antifungals or disinfectants; no statistical difference between propolis and miconazole for clinical and microbiological parameters	High
Silveira et al., 2021 [45]	Natural products (Propolis, Green tea, Ginger, Zataria multiflora, chitosan, garlic, Artemisia, Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, Uncaria tomentosa, Punica granatum, and Ricinus communis)	14	Natural products showed similar efficacy and safety when compared with nystatin or miconazole	High
Skupien JA 2013 [46]	Nystatin (500,000 units) and Sodium hypochlorite 0.5%	7	Sodium hypochlorite 0.5% can disinfect denture liners & tissue conditioners; incorporation of nystatin is also beneficial	High
Sousa et al., 2021 [47]	Microwave disinfection	4	Efficient as an antifungal therapy	High
Verhaeghe et al., 2020 [48]	Overnight storage conditions	3	Cleaning dentures before overnight storage reduces C. albicans; overnight dry storage could reduce C. albicans colonization	Low
Vila-Nova TEL et al., 2022 [49]	Photodynamic therapy (PDT)	4	Photodynamic therapy is effective in improving the efficacy of antifungals	Low to moderate
Zhang et al. 2016 [50]	Miconazole	17	Miconazole oral gel may be more effective than other formulations with regard to long-term results	Moderate to high