Figure 1.

Hyperglycemia interferes with the activation of the polyol pathway, hexosamine pathway, AGEs production, and PKC, leading to abnormal glucose metabolism. Abnormal glucose metabolism accelerates renal structural modification and dysfunction, as well as kidney damage to MCs, GECs, adipocytes, and TECs. AGEs, advanced glycation end products; PKC, protein kinase C; MC, mesangial cell; GECs, glomerular endothelial cells; TECs, tubular epithelial cells; EMT, endothelial-interstitial transformation; MIP-3α, macrophage inflammatory protein-3α.