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. 2023 Feb 14;15(2):159. doi: 10.3390/toxins15020159

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Targets of venom-derived toxins during SARS-CoV-2 infection. (A) Virus inactivation or absorption/binding inhibition. During SARS-CoV-2 infection, the enveloped virus binds its spike glycoprotein (red) to ACE2 receptor (blue) from host cells. (B) Inhibition of cytokine storm. Neutrophils (green), macrophages (red), and T cells (blue) are activated and release pro-inflammatory cytokines, triggering a cytokine storm. The animals (bee, snake, scorpion, and frog) are placed according to their possibly therapeutic action. Figure created with BioRender.com.