Table 1.
Animal toxins targeting COVID-19.
| Toxins | Species | Animal | Mechanism | Year | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bee venom |
Apis
mellifera |
Bee | Hypothesis: attenuate cytokine storm caused by SARS-CoV-2. |
2020 | [71,72] |
| Prophylactic context for COVID-19. | |||||
| Melittin |
Apis
mellifera |
Bee | In vitro assay using VERO cells: neutralizes the SARS-CoV-2 virus. |
2022 | [73] |
| Dermaseptin-S9 | Phyllomedusa sauvagii | Frog | Inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein by protein-peptide analysis in silico by docking. |
2020 | [75] |
| Meucin18 and its mutation |
Mesobuthus
eupeus |
Scorpion | Inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. Protein-peptide analysis in silico by docking. |
2021 | [76] |
| Cobrotoxin |
Naja naja
atra |
Snake | Inhibitory effect on the cytokine storm caused by SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19. |
2020 | [70] |
| Dimeric peptides from BthTX-I (PLA2) |
Bothrops
jararacussu |
Snake | Inhibitory activity against the Papain-like protease of SARS-CoV-2. |
2021 | [69] |
| PLA2 |
Vipera
nikolskii |
Snake | Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein-mediated cell-cell infusion. |
2021 | [68] |