Table 2.

Summary of study participants and their characteristics of the included studies.

Studies	Type of Study	Database	Outcomes (Access/Health Resources)	Health Conditions	Characteristics
Ge et al., 2021 [35]	Exploratory study	Atla Religion Database with AtlaSerials	Social isolation affected by poor access to technology among older African American adults. Lack of culturally adapted treatments.	Dementia and COVID-19	N = 16 individuals with dementia and COVID-19 who were involved in single interviews over three months. All participants were Black or African American.
Gilstrap et al. 2022 [27]	Cross-sectional study	APA Psychinfo	Excess mortality among older adults with dementia, especially in Asian, Black, and Hispanic populations and people living in nursing homes, even in areas with low COVID-19 prevalence. Reduced healthcare access and resources (36.7%; 95% CI, 35.2–38.2% for older Black populations)	Dementia and COVID-19	N = 53,640,888 Among older adults diagnosed as having dementia in 2019, 63.5% were women, 2.7% were Asian, 9.2% were Black, 5.7% were Hispanic, 80.7% were White, and 1.7% were identified as other (included all races or ethnicities other than those given)
Holaday et al., 2022 [36]	Cross-sectional analysis	APA Psychinfo	Low odds of access to primary care (odds ratio = 0.72; 95 confidence interval (CI): 0.61–0.87; p  <  0.001); high loneliness among older African American adults. Use of Medicare, financial insecurities, Internet/phone	Dementia and COVID-19	N = 11,114 community-dwelling Medicare beneficiaries and self-reported people with dementia and COVID-19
Kenerly et al., 2021 [26]	Empirical studies	Medline	In-hospital mortality, mechanical ventilation, reduced healthcare access, and resources among older African American adults. Intensive care unit shortages.	Dementia, COVID-19, heart disease, kidney disease, cerebrovascular disease, hypertension	N = 710 patients, 73 (10.3%) presented with altered mental status (AMS). They also presented with cardiovascular diseases, dementia, and COVID-19. The majority of the population were older African Americans (83.4%).
Kim et al., 2022 [37]	Longitudinal cohort study	Psychology and Behavioral Sciences	Primary outcomes are COVID-19 hospitalization. Severe outcomes are intensive care unit (ICU), intubation, dialysis, stroke, and in-hospital death. Reduced access to health resources for older African American adults. Lack of medications. Ambulatory care.	Dementia, COVID-19, stroke, intubation.	N = 47,219 cohort of older patients aged 65+ with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 and dementia. Median age was 74 years; 47.4% were male, 24.3% non-Hispanic White, 23.3% non-Hispanic Black, and 18.4% Hispanic.
Sadler et al., 2020 [38]	Purposive sampling, open-ended qualitative interviews	Academic search complete	Reports on inability to access quality care and participate in medical appointments among older African American adults. Poor transportation. Financial insecurities. Telemedicine.	Dementia, COVID-19	N = 63 family caregivers interviewed for older adults with dementia and COVID-19 across eight states. About 89% of participants were female, 78% White, 10% Black, 5% Asian, 3% biracial, and 2% Native American. 36% of respondents reported that those they cared for received Medicaid
Silver et al., 2020 [39]	Empirical study (Retrospective study)	Academic search complete	Older African American adults were disproportionately represented in hospitalizations. Reduced healthcare accessibility (odds ratio = 0.92; 95% CI, 0.70–1.20) Lack of health education. Financial insecurities.	Dementia, COVID-19, respiratory problems, fever	N = 249 patients with dementia and COVID-19. The median age was 59; 44% were male, and 86% were aged ≥ 65 years or had ≥ 1 comorbidity. Overall, 87% were Black. Older African American adults had longer symptom duration at presentation (6.41 vs. 5.88 days; p  = 0.05)
Wiese et al., 2021 [40]	Empirical study (dependent test design)	Medline	Limited access to healthcare, especially for rural-dwelling older African Americans. Lack of insurance. Financial insecurities. Cognitive screening.	Dementia, COVID-19	N = 60; 70% of the sample self-reported as older African American, Haitian Creole, or Hispanic with dementia and COVID-19; 75% were female.