Table 2.
Maternal phenotype and pregnancy outcomes throughout the study.
| Outcome | CON | HC-CP | HC-PPN |
|---|---|---|---|
| Body weight (g) | |||
| Initial | 90.7 ± 6.7 a | 94.3 ± 2.1 a | 94.61 ± 1.3 a |
| End of pre-pregnancy | 291.6 ± 8.4 a | 372.5 ± 15.1 b | 386.7 ± 12.4 b |
| End of gestation | 446.9 ± 11.3 a | 488.3 ± 17.4 b | 519.6 ± 14.7 b |
| End of lactation | 336.1 ± 11.2 a | 345.9 ± 9.6 a | 355.4 ± 13.5 a |
| Feed intake (kcal/d) | |||
| Pre-pregnancy | 63.3 ± 1.7 a | 80.2 ± 3.7 b | 77.3 ± 3.1 b |
| Gestation | 85.1 ± 3.1 a | 98.2 ± 4.5 b | 104.6 ± 7.3 b |
| Lactation | 124.3 ± 4.4 a | 130.8 ± 3.3 b | 132.4 ± 4.8 b |
| Breeding outcomes | |||
| Reproductive success (%) * | 90.00 | 43.75 | 72.73 |
| Time to pregnancy (days) | 2.5 ± 0.5 a | 2.8 ± 0.4 a | 3.0 ± 0.3 a |
| Litter size at birth (# pups) | 14.3 ± 0.5 a | 14.0 ± 0.6 a | 13.6 ± 0.9 a |
| Litter weight at birth (g) | 88.9 ± 3.1 a | 88.4 ± 5.2 a | 93.7 ± 7.7 a |
| Average pup weight at birth (g) | 6.2 ± 0.3 a | 6.3 ± 0.2 a | 6.82 ± 0.1 a |
| Metabolic parameters | |||
| Pre-pregnancy | |||
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 76.1 ± 6.7 | 72.9 ± 7.4 | 84.3 ± 12.4 |
| Insulin (µIU/mL) | 65.7 ± 7.5 | 57.86 ± 14.5 | 47.5 ± 9.9 |
| Glucose:insulin | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.8 ± 0.4 | 2.3 ± 0.4 |
* Calculated as mothers who gave birth without subsequent infanticide. CON, low-calorie control diet; HC-CP, high-calorie obese-inducing diet with casein protein; and HC-PPN, HC high-calorie diet with supplemental yellow pea protein (25%). ab Treatment groups that do not share a superscript are significantly different (p < 0.05). Data are means ± SE, and n = 7–9 per group.