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Schematic representation of drug loading of exosomes through the use of culturing, electroporation, sonication, extrusion, freeze-and-thaw cycles, and saponin-assisted loading. Exosome surface modification through chemical alteration, electrostatic interaction, and EV membrane for enhanced targeting efficiency to cancer cells [110]. Reproduced with permissions from Ya-Nan Pi et al., Biochemical Pharmacology, Elsevier, 2021.
