Figure 10.

Representation of M13 phage-based vaccine platform design. (a) Development of the hybrid M13 phage vaccine (b,c) loaded with tumour antigens. Schematic diagram representing the stages of antitumour immune response induced by HMP@Ag vaccine. Following subcutaneous administration in mice, DCs internalized the HMP@Ag vaccine for antigen release and cross-presentation for DC maturation (d). Mature DCs move to lymph nodes where CD8⁺ T lymphocytes specific for the antigen get activated and expanded (e). Combination of M13 phage-based vaccination with ICB therapy inhibits both primary and metastatic cancers and elicit a neoantigen-based CTL response, as well as suppresses tumour recurrence following surgery (f) [135]. Reproduced with permissions from Xue Dong et al., Biomaterials, Elsevier, 2023.