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. 2023 Feb 16;11(2):458. doi: 10.3390/vaccines11020458

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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CuS-OMVs for combinational cancer therapy involving PTT and immunotherapy. (a) Schematic representation of the preparation of CuS-OMVs. (b) Schematic representation of PTT and antitumour immunity generated by CuS-OMVs following NIR–II light exposure. CuS-OMVs target tumours effectively and cause cytotoxicity in tumour cells due to a combination of ICD, DC maturation and CD8⁺ T-cell activation in response to NIR-II light exposure. CuS-OMVs act as immune adjuvants that support DC maturation and repolarize TAMs from M2 to M1 phenotype to inhibit tumour growth and metastasis [146]. Reproduced with permissions from Jiaqi Qin et al., Nano Today, Elsevier, 2022.