Table 5.

Indications for BPA.

① Difficulty in performing PEA	•  Cases in which the lesion is below the regional artery, difficult to reach surgically, or proximal to the regional artery, but PEA is not performed due to complications that would interfere with surgery •  Cases of residual or recurrent PH after PEA
② Insufficient response to medical treatment	• NYHA/WHO functional class III or higher (mean PA pressure > 30 mmHg or pulmonary vascular resistance > 300 dyne-s-cm−5) despite drug therapy
③Explanation and Consent	• The patient (and family members) wishes to use BPA after having been fully informed of the medical condition and the risk-benefit ratio of BPA
④ Exclusion criteria	• Severe multiorgan failure, especially renal dysfunction