Table 3.
Water- and food-borne infectious diseases transmitted during the post-earthquake period in earthquake-affected areas.
| Earthquake Occurrence (DD/MM/YYYY) |
Earthquake Affected Area |
Infectious Diseases (Causative Factors–Cases, Outbreaks, Epidemics) |
References |
|---|---|---|---|
| 23/11/1980 | Irpinia, Italy | 1 outbreak of gastroenteritis (39 cases, firefighters) 1 outbreak of viral hepatitis (6 cases, city of Potenza) |
[102] |
| 17/08/1999 | Izmit, Turkey |
Giardia lamblia and Enterobius vermicularis infections in children still living and studying in temporary settlements and schools even years after the earthquakes | [105] |
| Hepatitis A and E | [108] | ||
| Hepatitis A and E | [106] | ||
| Tularemia outbreak (Francisella tularensis, 5 cases) | [107] | ||
| A mild gastroenteritis outbreak among SAR personnel (two to three loose or watery stools accompanied by abdominal pain) | [103] | ||
| Current increase in diarrheal infections (Shigella) | [104] | ||
| 21/09/1999 | Chi-Chi, Taiwan |
Acute gastroenteritis (15 shigellosis cases) | [81] |
| Acute gastroenteritis | [82] | ||
| 25/01/1999 | Armenia, Colombia | Giardiasis (Giardia lamblia) | [109] |
| 13/01/2001 | El Salvador | Gastrointestinal infections | [71] |
| 26/12/2003 | Bam, Iran | Gastrointestinal infections (0.81% of the total population within 1 month) | [84] |
| Diarrheal diseases | [83] | ||
| 26/12/2004 | Indonesia | Tsunami survivors: waterborne infections (85% of children under 5 years old: diarrhea, 100% of the population had no access to clean drinking water and sanitation systems). | [110] |
| 08/10/2005 | Kashmir, Pakistan |
Rotavirus outbreak | [111] |
| Acute digestive disease (14.3%) | [87] | ||
| 06/04/2009 | L’Aquila, Italy |
Salmonella enterica epidemic in children | [112] |
| 12/01/2010 | Haiti | Cholera and cholera-like disease | [77] |
| Cholera outbreak | [113] | ||
| 23/10/2011 09/11/2011 |
Van, Turkey | Significantly higher prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in dyspeptic patients-disaster survivors compared to dyspeptic patients in the pre-disaster period | [114] |
| 26/01/2014 03/02/2014 |
Cephalonia, Greece | Gastroenteritis outbreak (22 gastroenteritis cases among soldiers) | [79] |
| 25/04/2015 | Gorkha, Nepal |
Gastrointestinal infections | [94,97] |
| Acute gastroenteritis: high incidence among children from affected areas | [98] | ||
| Cholera (Vibrio cholerae serogroup 01 Ogawa serotype) | [115] | ||
| Acute watery diarrhea (Vibrio cholerae): 169 cases, of which 150 were in the Kathmandu Valley | [116] | ||
| 14/04/2016, 16/04/2016 | Kumamoto, Japan |
Gastrointestinal infections | [100] |