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2023 Feb 26:1–13. Online ahead of print. doi: 10.1007/s12564-023-09831-7

Table 1.

Results of stepwise regression analyses of students’ frequency of having private tutoring (N = 750)

Independent variables Dependent variable
Frequency of private tutoring within the previous 12 months
β t p
Constant 17.623 0.000
Amount of money spent on PT 0.203 4.374 0.000
Lecture-style (> 10 people) face-to-face tutoring 0.169 3.672 0.000
The period of the year they received PT: holiday period  − 0.099  − 2.140 0.033
Subjects studied by individual participants: (Unified National Testing Exam) 0.093 2.036 0.042
F model = 24.989
P model = 0.000
R2 model = 0.333