Table 1.

Randomized controlled trials on dual targeted therapy in inflammatory bowel diseases and rheumatological immune disorders.

Reference	Year	Disease	N Patients	Combination	Control Arm	Outcome	Safety	Follow-up (Months)
Sands et al. [97]	2007	CD	79	Natalizumab + infliximab	Infliximab monotherapy	Safety	No differences in AEs	10 weeks
Sands et al. [98]	2022	UC	214	Guselkumab + golimumab	Guselkumab or golimumab monotherapy	Clinical response (Mayo score) at week 12	No differences in AEs	3
Genovese et al. [91]	2004	RA	242	Etanercept + anakinra	Etanercept monotherapy	ACR 50 at week 24	Increased rate of AEs in combo therapy	6
Weinblatt et al. [101,102]	2006	RA	167	Abatacept + TNFi abatacept + anakinra	TNFi or anakinra monotherapy	Safety	Increased rate of AEs in combo therapy	12
Weinblatt et al. [102]	2007	RA	121	Abatacept + etanercept	Etanercept monotherapy	ACR 20 at 6 months	Increased rate of AEs in combo therapy	12
Blank et al. [103]	2009	RA	18	Rituximab + etanercept	Rituximab monotherapy	Safety	No differences in AEs	8
Greenwald et al. [104]	2011	RA	51	TNFi + rituximab	TNFi monotherapy	Safety	No differences in AEs	6
Glatt et al. [105]	2019	RA	79	Certolizumab + bimekizumab (anti-IL-17A and IL-17F)	Certolizumab monotherapy	DAS28 (CRP) and safety	Increased rate of AEs in combo therapy	4
Genovese et al. [92]	2018	RA	222	ABT-122 (dual TNF and IL-17A inhibitor)	Adalimumab	ACR20 at week 12	No differences in AEs	3
NCT00845832 [106]	2013	RA	24	Rituximab + tocilizumab	Tocilizumab monotherapy	LDA at week 16	No differences in AEs	12

CD, Crohn’s disease; UC, ulcerative colitis; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; ACR, American College of Rheumatology; TNFi, tumor necrosis factor inhibitor; DAS, Disease Activity Score; CRP, c-reactive protein; IL, interleukin; AE, adverse event; LDA, low disease activity.