Fig. 4. Electrochemical energy storage characterizations of the monofluoride ether-based electrolyte in various Li metal cell configurations.

a Li plating/stripping CEs evaluated via Aurbach’s measurement using Li||Cu coin cells at 30 °C. b Rate performance of Li||Li symmetric coin cells at current densities from 0.5 to 10 mA cm⁻² in different electrolytes at 30 °C. c Rate performance of Li||NCM811 coin cells with BFE, DEE, and DME electrolytes. d Cycling performance of Li||NCM811 coin cells with an areal capacity of 3.5 mAh cm⁻², a low N/P ratio of 2.8, and a high current density of 7.0 mA cm⁻² after two formation cycles at 0.35 mA cm⁻². e Cycling stability of Li||NCM811 pouch cells (double-sided coated electrodes with four layers of high-voltage positive electrode and five layers of Li metal negative electrode) under practical conditions (areal capacity: 4  mAh cm⁻², N/P: 2, lean electrolyte: 2.4 g Ah⁻¹. Cycling at 0.8/8 mA cm⁻² charge/discharge after two formation cycles at 0.4 mA cm⁻².). Insert is the optical image of the 320-mAh-level pouch cell.