Fig. 7. Low-temperature electrochemical energy storage characterizations of the monofluoride ether-based electrolyte in various Li metal cell configurations.

a Li plating/stripping CEs evaluated via Aurbach’s measurement at −30 °C using Li||Cu coin cells. b SEM images of plated Li on Cu foil in BFE and DEE electrolytes at −30 °C, respectively. c Capacities of Li||NCM811 with BFE, DEE, and DME electrolytes at different temperatures varied from −60 to 60 °C. d Long cycling performance of Li||NCM811 coin cells using BFE and DEE electrolytes at a low temperature of −30 °C. e, f Specific energies of LMBs at various current densities (e) and different temperatures (f).