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. 2023 Feb 25;13:3272. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-29765-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Time-varying power representations of heart rate variability (HRV) using the smoothed pseudo Wigner–Ville distribution (SPWVD) at the sample level. (a) Time-frequency power representation showing the power differences in tES and sham condition (after baseline subtraction within each condition). (b) Statistical z-map of the time-frequency power representation at the sample level, based on a cluster-level significance threshold p $< 0.05$ (two-tailed non-parametric permutation tests). Significant clusters (regions) are indicated by black contours on the statistical z-map.