Table 2. Participant Characteristics and Intervention Details.
Abbreviations: ASIA, American Spinal Injury Association; FES, functional electrical stimulation; FES-RT, functional electrical stimulation resistance training; IM, intramuscular; lbs., pounds; T, testosterone; TT, testosterone therapy; SCI, spinal cord injury; HO, heterotopic ossification; TBI, traumatic brain injury.
| Study | Participant Characteristics (age & mean baseline testosterone levels) | Pathology Characteristics (Type & Chronicity) | Intervention | Control |
| Holman et al., 2019 [21] | 18-50 years; 414 ng/dl | SCI ≥ 1 year; ASIA A or B | T patch 2-6 mg/day based on baseline T plus twice-weekly knee extensions with FES for four sets of 10 reps | T patch alone |
| Gorgey et al., 2020 [22] | 18-50 years; 414 ng/dl | SCI ≥ 1 year; ASIA A or B | T patch 2-6 mg/day based on baseline T plus twice-weekly knee extensions with FES for four sets of 10 reps | T patch alone |
| Gorgey et al., 2020 [23] | 18-50 years; 414 ng/dl | SCI ≥ 1 year; ASIA A or B | T patch 2-6 mg/day based on baseline T plus twice-weekly knee extensions with FES for four sets of 10 reps | T patch alone |
| Bauman et al., 2011 [24] | 18-65 years; Control: 516 ng/dl; Treatment: 257 ng/dl | SCI ≥ 1 year; Non-ambulatory; ASIA A, B, or C | T patch 5 mg/day; If serum T < normal physiologic range after two months then the dose increased to 10 mg/day | Eugonadal group |
| Bauman et al., 2015 [25] | 18-65 years; Treatment: 283 ng/dl; Control: 462 ng/dl | SCI ≥ 1 year; Non-ambulatory; ASIA A, B, or C | After 12 months of T patch 5 or 10 mg/day, TT was discontinued & subjects were followed for an additional six months for re-evaluation | Eugonadal group without treatment |
| Gorgey et al., 2021 [26] | 18-50 years; TT + FES-RT: 171 ng/dl; no-TT: 203 ng/dl | SCI ≥ 1 year; ASIA A or B | T patch 2 mg/day after 16 weeks of T patch 2-6 mg/day plus weekly knee extensions with FES starting with max ankle weight then decreasing 2 lbs. weekly until ankle weight maintained at 2 lbs | No intervention after 16 weeks of the T patch |
| Clark et al., 2008 [27] | 20-56 years; 136 ng/dl | SCI < 1 year; Hypogonadal; Admitted to inpatient rehab | Testosterone cypionate 200 mg IM monthly | National SCI database with age-matched men admitted to rehab over the same time period |
| Ripley et al., 2020 [28] | 18-65 years; 267 ng/dl | Moderate to severe TBI < six months admitted to inpatient rehab | T gel 1% 50 mg/day with dose adjustment after monitoring | Hypogonadal group with placebo gel & eugonadal group without treatment |
| Holman et al., 2021 [29] | 18-50 years; TT: 418 ng/dl; TT + FES-RT: 422 ng/dl | SCI ≥ 1 year; ASIA A or B | T patch 2-6 mg/day based on baseline T plus twice-weekly knee extensions with FES for four sets of 10 reps | T patch alone |
| Moore et al., 2016 [30] | Ages 31 & 49 years; Not reported | SCI ≥ 1 year; ASIA A or B; History of HO | T patch 2-6 mg/day based on baseline T plus twice-weekly knee extensions with FES for four sets of 10 reps | T patch alone |
| Gorgey et al., 2019 [31] | 18-50 years; 414 ng/dl | SCI ≥ 1 year; ASIA A or B | T patch 2-6 mg/day based on baseline T plus twice-weekly knee extensions with FES for four sets of 10 reps | T patch alone |
| La Fountaine et al., 2013 [32] | 18-65 years; Hypogonadal: 239 ng/dl; Eugonadal: 530 ng/dl | SCI ≥ 1 year; Non-ambulatory; ASIA A, B, or C | T patch 5 mg/day; If serum T < normal physiologic range after 2 months then dose increased to 10 mg/day | Eugonadal group; No intervention |