Table 1.

Robustness checks for the main results. 

	Specification checks
	No controls	Only school	Only school	School FEs	Excluding
	or FEs	controls	FEs	+ controls	apprentices
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
Panel A: Vocational programs
Hotel & Restaurant	-1.383${}^{***}$	-1.403${}^{***}$	-1.466${}^{***}$	-1.465${}^{***}$	-1.323${}^{***}$
[Avg = 1.332;$Ob{s}_{1\text{-}4}$= 695;$Ob{s}_5$= 590]	(0.409)	(0.413)	(0.405)	(0.400)	(0.454)
Health & Social Care	0.333	0.214	0.221	0.200	0.279
[Avg = 2.361;$Ob{s}_{1\text{-}4}$= 877;$Ob{s}_5$= 710]	(0.411)	(0.426)	(0.415)	(0.420)	(0.473)
Child & Recreation	-1.512${}^{***}$	-1.566${}^{***}$	-1.656${}^{***}$	-1.714${}^{***}$	-1.971${}^{***}$
[Avg = 3.086;$Ob{s}_{1\text{-}4}$= 800;$Ob{s}_5$= 674]	(0.431)	(0.450)	(0.436)	(0.450)	(0.508)
Business & Administration	-0.949${}^{**}$	-1.067${}^{**}$	-1.098${}^{**}$	-1.076${}^{**}$	-1.177${}^{**}$
[Avg = 3.105;$Ob{s}_{1\text{-}4}$= 852;$Ob{s}_5$= 682]	(0.435)	(0.438)	(0.441)	(0.440)	(0.538)
Handicraft	0.205	0.223	0.117	0.078	0.167
[Avg = 0.884;$Ob{s}_{1\text{-}4}$= 650;$Ob{s}_5$= 517]	(0.466)	(0.476)	(0.475)	(0.483)	(0.582)
Natural Resource Use	0.349	0.201	0.081	0.075	0.006
[Avg = 1.531;$Ob{s}_{1\text{-}4}$= 450;$Ob{s}_5$= 404]	(0.630)	(0.661)	(0.605)	(0.624)	(0.670)
Vehicle & Transport	0.017	0.066	-0.099	-0.133	-0.088
[Avg = 2.763;$Ob{s}_{1\text{-}4}$= 866;$Ob{s}_5$= 680]	(0.397)	(0.403)	(0.401)	(0.403)	(0.494)
Building & Industry	-0.358	-0.301	-0.490	-0.490	-0.448
[Avg = 3.737;$Ob{s}_{1\text{-}4}$= 1,516;$Ob{s}_5$= 1,383]	(0.473)	(0.471)	(0.456)	(0.457)	(0.488)
Panel B: Academic programs
Social Science & Humanities	0.353	0.284	0.362	0.374	N/A
[Avg = 1.254;$Ob{s}_{1\text{-}4}$= 1,933;$Ob{s}_5$= N/A]	(0.486)	(0.486)	(0.494)	(0.500)
Business & Economics	-0.645	-0.621	-0.651	-0.538	N/A
[Avg = 0.886;$Ob{s}_{1\text{-}4}$= 1,498;$Ob{s}_5$= N/A]	(0.609)	(0.613)	(0.627)	(0.630)
Science & Technology	0.311	0.323	0.355	0.438	N/A
[Avg = 0.216;$Ob{s}_{1\text{-}4}$= 1,954;$Ob{s}_5$= N/A]	(0.454)	(0.456)	(0.465)	(0.472)
Arts	0.008	-0.063	-0.156	-0.187	N/A
[Avg = 1.451;$Ob{s}_{1\text{-}4}$= 971;$Ob{s}_5$= N/A]	(0.539)	(0.602)	(0.549)	(0.556)

Notes: Each row reports the estimate of ${\delta }_{2020}$ for a particular program and model specification. The results from the main model (Equation 2) are in column 4. In square brackets, we list the average outcome in the baseline year 2019, as well as the number of observations for each regression ($Ob{s}_{1\text{-}4}$ for columns 1 to 4 and $Ob{s}_5$ for column 5). Standard errors are clustered at the school level and shown in parentheses. Significance levels are denoted with stars: *** for $p<0.01$, ** for $p<0.05$, and * for $p<0.10$.