Table 5. Phenotypic and genotypic resistance and virulence genes of Salmonella isolates (n = 188) from hybrid red tilapia and cultivation water.
| Variable | Resistance (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carcass rinse (n = 24) | Intestine (n = 57) | Liver and kidney (n = 1) | Cultivation water (n = 106) | Grand total (n = 188) | |
| Antimicrobials | |||||
| Ampicillin | 13 (54.2) | 38 (66.7) | 1 (100.0) | 97 (91.5) | 149 (79.3) |
| Cefotaxime | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Cefpodoxime | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Ceftazidime | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Chloramphenicol | 11 (45.8) | 28 (49.1) | 1 (100.0) | 78 (73.6) | 118 (62.8) |
| Ciprofloxacin | 3 (12.5) | 14 (24.6) | 0 (0) | 23 (21.7) | 40 (21.3) |
| Enrofloxacin | 6 (25.0) | 20 (35.1) | 0 (0) | 43 (40.6) | 69 (36.7) |
| Florfenicol | 12 (50.0) | 22 (38.6) | 1 (100.0) | 69 (65.1) | 104 (55.3) |
| Gentamicin | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Oxolinic acid | 16 (66.7) | 40 (70.2) | 0 (0) | 86 (81.1) | 142 (75.5) |
| Oxytetracycline | 13 (54.2) | 34 (59.6) | 0 (0) | 88 (83.0) | 135 (71.8) |
| Streptomycin | 0 (0) | 2 (3.5) | 0 (0) | 2 (1.9) | 4 (2.1) |
| Sulfamethoxazole | 0 (0) | 1 (1.8) | 0 (0) | 3 (2.8) | 4 (2.1) |
| Tetracycline | 13 (54.2) | 32 (56.1) | 0 (0) | 88 (83.0) | 133 (70.7) |
| Trimethoprim | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (1.9) | 2 (1.1) |
| MDR | 13 (54.2) | 34 (59.6) | 0 (0) | 89 (84.0) | 136 (72.3) |
| AMR genes | |||||
| bla TEM | 10 (41.7) | 34 (59.6) | 1 (100.0) | 75 (70.8) | 120 (63.8) |
| floR | 10 (41.7) | 24 (42.1) | 0 (0) | 71 (67.0) | 105 (55.9) |
| qnrS | 13 (54.2) | 31 (54.4) | 0 (0) | 79 (74.5) | 123 (65.4) |
| tetA | 13 (54.2) | 31 (54.4) | 0 (0) | 78 (73.6) | 122 (64.9) |
| tetB | 0 (0) | 1 (1.8) | 0 (0) | 2 (1.9) | 3 (1.6) |
| strA | 0 (0) | 1 (1.8) | 0 (0) | 2 (1.9) | 3 (1.6) |
| sul1 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (1.9) | 2 (1.1) |
| sul2 | 0 (0) | 1 (1.8) | 0 (0) | 2 (1.9) | 3 (1.6) |
| Virulence genes | |||||
| invA | 24 (100.0) | 57 (100.0) | 1 (100.0) | 106 (100.0) | 188 (100.0) |
Notes.
This table presented only positive isolates from various tilapia samples except fish muscle, which were negative for Salmonella. Non-detected genes in Salmonella were: blaSHV, blaCTX−M, blaNDM,blaPSE, blaOXA, sul3, qnrA, qnrB, ermB, dfrA1, dfrA12, catA, catB, cmlA, strB, tetD, addA1, addA2, aac(3)IV, aac(6′)-Ib, qepA, floR, mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4, mcr-5, int1, int2, int3, and intSXT.