Table 1. Characteristics of included studies.
| Study | Country | CAD typea
and number of participants (men %) |
Age (years) | Follow up (mean or median, years) |
Adjusted factors | Cancer type | Main results (CAD vs non-CAD or CAC = 0, presented as OR, HR, or RR with 95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dreyer & Olsen (1998) | Denmark | MI2 96,891 (67.97) |
M: 63 F: 69 |
5.9 (1–17) | N/A | All | Total: 1.05 [1.03–1.07] M: 1.03 [1.01–1.06] F: 1.08 [1.04–1.12] |
| Pehrsson, Linnersjö & Hammar (2005) | Sweden | MI2 N/A (65.20) |
<80 | 9.3 (0–28) | Age | All | M: 1.08 [1.04–1.11] F: 1.15 [1.09–1.21] |
| Thomas et al. (2012) | USA | CAD1 547 (100) |
66 (62–70) | 4 | Age, race, FH of prostate cancer, PSA, BMI, TRUS, HTN,DM, HL, aspirin, statin, alcohol, smoke, geographic area, DRE | Prostate | 1.35 [1.08–1.67] |
| Erichsen et al. (2013) | Denmark | MI2 297,523 (63.8) |
69.4 | 3.1 (0–33) | Sex, age, duration | CRC | 1.08 [1.05–1.11] |
| Handy et al. (2016) | USA | CAD3 6,814 (47.1) |
62.15 ± 10.2 | 10.2 (IQ: 9.7–10.7) | Age, sex, race, insurance, SES, BMI, PA, diet, smoke, drug, SBP, DBP, HTN drugs, TG, HDL, LL drugs, DM, aspirin |
All | CAC >400 vs CAC = 0: 1.53 [1.18–1.99]; CAC = 0 vs CAC >0: 0.76 [0.63–0.92] |
| Vinter et al. (2017) | Denmark | CAD3 28,549 (45.8) |
49–66.5 | M: 2.8 (IQ: 1.5–4.2); F: 2.9 (IQ: 1.7–4.3) |
Age, BMI, DM, smoke, LL drugs, HTN drugs, Cr, HF. | All | M: CAC = 1–99:1.07 [0.83–1.39] = 100–399:1.24 [0.94–1.63] = 400–999:0.88 [0.62–1.25] ≥1,000:0.96 [0.66–1.41] F: CAC = 1–99:0.96 [0.77–1.19] = 100–399:0.99 [0.75–1.31] = 400–999:1.11 [0.76–1.62] ≥1,000:1.16 [0.73–1.83] |
| Rinde et al. (2017) | Norway | MI2 1,747 (62) |
62 | 15.7 | Age, sex, BMI, SBP, DM, HDL, smoke, PA, Edu. | All | All: 1.46 [1.21–1.77] M: 1.29 [1.02–1.62] F: 1.65 [1.19–2.29] |
| Suzuki et al. (2017) | Japan | CAD1 32095 (59) |
65 ± 16 | 2.8 (IQ: 1.8–3.7) | Age, sex, lifestyle-related disease, smoke, f/u periods | All | 1.42 [1.02–1.96] |
| Berton et al. (2018) | Italy | CAD1 589 (70) |
67 (58–74) | 17 | N/A | All | Incidence: 17.8 per 1,000 person-years |
| Malmborg et al. (2018) | Denmark | MI2 122,275 (61.2) |
M: 59.2 (49.5–69.5) F: 68.5 (58.1–76.0) |
0.5–17 | Age, sex, calendar year, HTN, HL, DM, COPD, SES | All | Total: 0.97 [0.92–1.01] M: 0.97 [0.91–1.03] F: 0.99 [0.92–1.06] (exclude first 6 months) |
| Kwak et al. (2020) | Korea | CAD2 753,678 (72.1) |
63.5 | 4.56 (IQ:3.06–6.13) | Age, sex, income, DM, BMI, smoke, alcohol, PA. | All | 1.06 [1.04–1.09]; exclude first year: 1.02 [0.99–1.05] |
| Mirbolouk et al. (2020) | USA | CAD3 Nonsmoker: 48,331 (65.5) |
54.6 ± 10.6y | 11.9 (IQ:10.2–13.3) | Age, sex, HL, FH of CAD, HTN, DM. | All | CAC = 1–99: 1.05 [0.84–1.30] = 100–399:1.19 [0.93–1.51] >400: 1.19 [0.92–1.55] |
| Smoker 5,147 (67.6) |
52.8 ± 9.9 | 11.9 (IQ: 10.2–13.3) | Age, sex, HL, FH of CAD, HTN, DM. | All | CAC = 1–99: 0.83 [0.48–1.43] = 100–399:1.06 [0.60–1.89] >400:1.85 [1.07–3.22] |
||
| Peng et al. (2020) | USA | CAD3 66,636 (67%) |
54.4 ± 9.6 | 12.3 ± 3.9 | Age, sex, HTN, HL, smoke, DM, FH of CAD. | All | CAC = 1–399:1.10 [0.95–1.28] = 400–999:1.18 [0.94–1.47] >1,000:1.51 [1.19–1.91] |
| Dzaye et al. (2021) | USA | CAD3 6,271 (47.3%) |
61.7 ± 10.2 | 12.9 ± 3.1 | Age, sex, ethnicity, BMI, PA, SES, Edu, insurance, smoke, diet | Lung/rectal | CAC = 1–99: 1.2 [0.81–1.78] = 100–399:1.87 [1.20–2.92] >400:2.01 [1.20–3.35] |
| Prostate | CAC = 1–99:1.52 [1.00–2.30] = 100–399:1.07 [0.62–1.85] ≥400:1.13 [0.65–1.95] |
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| Breast/uterine/ovary | CAC = 1–99 = 0.76 [0.44–1.30] = 100–399 = 0.54 [0.24–1.19] ≥400 = 1.13 [0.51–2.51] |
Notes:
CAD diagnosed by (1) hospital medical records (2) discharge records with Internal Classification of Disease; (3) computed tomography scan.
BMI, Body mass index; CAC, Coronary Artery Calcium Score; CAD, Coronary artery disease; Cr, Creatinine; CRC, colorectal cancer; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DM, Diabetes mellitus, Drug medication, DRE, Digital rectal examination; Edu, education; F, female; FH, Family history; F/U, follow up; HL, Hyperlipidemia; HF, Heart failure; HTN, Hypertension; IQ, interquartile range; LDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LL drugs, lipid-lowering drugs; M, male; N/A, Not available; PA, physical activity; SBP, Systolic blood pressure; SES, socioeconomic status; RETRO, retrospective; SIR, standardized incidence ratios; TG, total cholesterol; TRUS, transrectal ultrasound volume; USA, United States of America.