Table 5.

MIMIC model results.

Model	Estimate	Std. Err.	P-value
Measurement Modela	Estimate	Std. Err.	P-value
Third places (civic):
Libraries	1.00
Community centers	0.93	0.17	0.00
Places of worship	0.73	0.19	0.00
Third places (commercial):
Coffeeshops	1.00
Restaurants	0.89	0.13	0.00
Bars	0.74	0.13	0.00
Virtual dissatisfaction:
Ignored	1.00
Social comparison	0.90	0.06	0.00
Excessive time	0.60	0.08	0.00
Outdoors dissatisfaction:
Unwelcome	1.00
Unsafe	0.94	0.13	0.00
Lack of parks	0.82	0.10	0.00
Weak ties:
People spoken to	1.00
Conversation length	1.00	0.07	0.00
People seen	0.81	0.09	0.00
Strong ties:
Confirmation	1.00
Affection	0.97	0.06	0.00
Status	0.94	0.07	0.00
Mental health:
Mental health impact	1.00
Structural Modelb,c	Estimate	Std. Err.	P-value
Third places (civic):
Asian	0.34	0.11	0.00
Other non-white	0.31	0.12	0.01
LGBTQ+	0.21	0.10	0.03
Third places (commercial):
(Woman & nonbinary) $\times$ low income	0.48	0.15	0.00
Missing income	-0.05	0.11	0.63
(Woman & nonbinary) $\times$ Black	0.43	0.19	0.02
Virtual dissatisfaction
Woman & nonbinary	0.27	0.09	0.00
Outdoors dissatisfaction:
Asian	0.21	0.10	0.03
LGBTQ+	0.26	0.11	0.02
Weak ties:
Asian	0.35	0.11	0.00
Other non-white	0.43	0.15	0.00
Strong ties:
Black $\times$ low income	0.78	0.35	0.03
Missing income	-0.01	0.13	0.93
Mental health:
LGBTQ+	0.49	0.10	0.00
Covariances – Latent Variablesd	Estimate	Std. Err.	P-value
Third places (civic):
Third place (commercial)	0.21	0.06	0.00
Virtual dissatisfaction	0.19	0.05	0.00
Outdoors dissatisfaction	0.02	0.05	0.70
Strong ties	0.08	0.04	0.05
Weak ties	0.14	0.05	0.01
Mental health	0.03	0.05	0.60
Third place (commercial):
Virtual dissatisfaction	0.18	0.05	0.00
Outdoors dissatisfaction	-0.02	0.04	0.58
Strong ties	0.01	0.05	0.86
Weak ties	0.19	0.05	0.00
Mental health	0.13	0.05	0.00
Virtual dissatisfaction:
Outdoors dissatisfaction	0.09	0.05	0.09
Strong ties	0.34	0.06	0.00
Weak ties	0.10	0.06	0.06
Mental health	0.31	0.05	0.00
Outdoors dissatisfaction:
Strong ties	0.10	0.05	0.05
Weak ties	0.10	0.05	0.05
Mental health	0.08	0.05	0.09
Strong ties:
Weak ties	-0.01	0.05	0.79
Mental health	0.20	0.06	0.00
Weak ties:
Mental health	0.11	0.05	0.04
Fit Statisticse
Number of observations		308
Robust Comparative Fit Index (CFI)		0.949
Robust Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI)		0.939
Robust RMSEA		0.033

Note: ‘Other non-white’ refers to respondents who selected Black, African American, Indigenous, American Indian, Alaska Native, Middle Eastern, Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander, two or more races, or other. ‘Low income’ refers to respondents who selected a gross annual household income of $50k or less, a reasonable estimate based on data distribution (U.S. Department of Education, January 2022).

^aThe measurement model indicates the relationships between each latent variable (italicized) and its indicators (non-italicized).

^bThe structural model indicates the relationships between latent variables (italicized) and sociodemographic variables (non-italicized).

^cMissing income data is controlled for in the model by adding a ‘missing income’ dummy control where relevant.

^dThe covariances between all latent variables are shown in the table regardless of statistical significance.

^eMissing data: Five respondents were removed due to critical missing data on the dependent identity variables.