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. 2023 Feb 14;38(4):442–460. doi: 10.1089/ars.2022.0022

FIG. 3.

FIG. 3.

A TXNIP autoregulatory pathway of cellular glucose. Autoregulatory pathway of cellular glucose. (A) Glucose metabolites induce Txnip transcription via ChREBP/Mlx or MondoA/Mlx. TXNIP protein binds to GLUT1 on the plasma membrane and facilitates GLUT1 endocytosis via the clarthin pathway. (B) Activated AMPK from energy stress or activated Akt from growth factor stimulation phosphorylates TXNIP on Ser308, leading to its dissociation from GLUT1. This results in the immediate inhibition of GLUT1 endocytosis and acute increase in glucose uptake. AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; ChREBP, carbohydrate response element binding protein; GLUT1, glucose transporter 1.