Table 1.

Thioredoxin-Dependent and -Independent Functions of Thioredoxin Interacting Protein

Thioredoxin-dependent	Thioredoxin-independent
Hepatic gluconeogenesis (Chutkow et al, 2008)	Cellular glucose uptake (Patwari et al, 2009)
Inflammation/NLRP3 inflammasome activation (Zhou et al, 2010)	Angiogenesis (Dunn et al, 2014)
Mitochondrial energy metabolism (Richards et al, 2017; Yoshioka and Lee, 2014)	Hypoxia-inducible factor transcriptional activity (Farrell et al, 2010)
Cardiac function/hypertrophy (Yoshioka et al, 2004), myocardial infarction (Nakayama et al, 2021)	Induction by glucose (Richards et al, 2017)
Ventricular functional reserve (Mukai et al, 2021)	Survival of cone photoreceptors (Xue et al, 2021)

NLRP3, NLR family pyrin domain containing 3.