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. 2023 Feb 27;10:9. doi: 10.1186/s40779-023-00445-z

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

Classification of ionizable drug delivery systems (IDDSs). a Chitosan-based polymeric nanoparticle complexes. b Heparin/poly(amino acid)-based polymeric nanoparticle complexes. c Polypeptide-based micelles/nanoparticles. d Ionizable lipid nanoparticle (ILNP). e Ionizable liposome and f Ionizable polymer-lipid nanoparticle (IPLNP). g A hypothetical mechanism explaining the fate of IDDSs endosomes. I Formation of the lipoplex. II Binding to the cell membrane. III Uptake and endocytosis. IV Endosomal escape and release