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. 2022 Jul 11;68(3):125–130. doi: 10.1038/s10038-022-01058-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Strategies to identify genetic factors in PD and applications of the findings. The search for genes associated with PD relies on the molecular genetic characteristics of PD patients and the classification of samples into familial PD and sporadic PD groups. After PD-associated genes are discovered, cellular and animal PD models are used to reveal pathophysiological functions and for precision medicine applications