Table 1.
Sociodemographic characteristics and obstetric history.
| Rural (n = 713) | Urban (n = 1,141) | Total (n = 1,854) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | N | % | N | % | ||
| Maternal age (years) | *** | ||||||
| 15–19 years | 31 | 4.3% | 41 | 3.6% | 72 | 3.9% | |
| 20–24 years | 176 | 24.7% | 171 | 15.0% | 347 | 18.7% | |
| 25–29 years | 225 | 31.6% | 358 | 31.4% | 583 | 31.4% | |
| 30–34 years | 163 | 22.9% | 310 | 27.2% | 473 | 25.5% | |
| 35–39 years | 90 | 12.6% | 204 | 17.9% | 294 | 15.9% | |
| 40–44 years | 25 | 3.5% | 51 | 4.5% | 76 | 4.1% | |
| 45 years and above | 3 | 0.4% | 6 | 0.5% | 9 | 0.5% | |
| Marital status | |||||||
| Single/never married | 106 | 14.9% | 191 | 16.7% | 297 | 16.0% | |
| Married | 510 | 71.5% | 831 | 72.8% | 1,341 | 72.3% | |
| Divorced | 6 | 0.8% | 5 | 0.4% | 11 | 0.6% | |
| Widowed | 2 | 0.3% | 4 | 0.4% | 6 | 0.3% | |
| Living with partner | 89 | 12.5% | 110 | 9.6% | 199 | 10.7% | |
| Education | *** | ||||||
| No formal education/schooling | 94 | 13.2% | 51 | 4.5% | 145 | 7.8% | |
| Primary school (did not complete) | 98 | 13.7% | 49 | 4.3% | 147 | 7.9% | |
| Primary school (completed) | 94 | 13.2% | 58 | 5.1% | 152 | 8.2% | |
| Junior high school (did not complete) | 77 | 10.8% | 79 | 6.9% | 156 | 8.4% | |
| Junior high school (completed) | 144 | 20.2% | 346 | 30.3% | 490 | 26.4% | |
| Senior high school (did not complete) | 40 | 5.6% | 86 | 7.5% | 126 | 6.8% | |
| Senior high school (completed) | 108 | 15.1% | 285 | 25.0% | 393 | 21.2% | |
| Tertiary education | 58 | 8.1% | 187 | 16.4% | 245 | 13.2% | |
| Number of births | *** | ||||||
| One | 152 | 21.3% | 358 | 31.4% | 510 | 27.5% | |
| Two | 203 | 28.5% | 306 | 26.8% | 509 | 27.5% | |
| Three | 164 | 23.0% | 243 | 21.3% | 407 | 22.0% | |
| Four | 88 | 12.3% | 148 | 13.0% | 236 | 12.7% | |
| Five and above | 106 | 14.9% | 86 | 7.5% | 192 | 10.4% | |
| Employment status | ** | ||||||
| Working in the formal sector | 70 | 9.8% | 178 | 15.6% | 248 | 13.4% | |
| Working in the informal sector | 487 | 68.3% | 744 | 65.2% | 1,231 | 66.4% | |
| Keeping house (Homemaker/Housewife) | 50 | 7.0% | 71 | 6.2% | 121 | 6.5% | |
| Looking for work/ Unemployed | 63 | 8.8% | 94 | 8.2% | 157 | 8.5% | |
| Schooling/learning a trade | 43 | 6.0% | 54 | 4.7% | 97 | 5.2% | |
| Household income | *** | ||||||
< 200 per month |
182 | 25.5% | 207 | 18.1% | 389 | 21.0% | |
|
200– <300 |
122 | 17.1% | 173 | 15.2% | 295 | 15.9% | |
|
300– <500 |
174 | 24.4% | 254 | 22.3% | 428 | 23.1% | |
|
500– <1,000 |
123 | 17.3% | 299 | 26.2% | 422 | 22.8% | |
|
1,000– <2,000 |
96 | 13.5% | 155 | 13.6% | 251 | 13.5% | |
|
2,000– <5,000 |
14 | 2.0% | 45 | 3.9% | 59 | 3.2% | |
|
5,000 and above |
2 | 0.3% | 8 | 0.7% | 10 | 0.5% | |
| Religion | *** | ||||||
| Christian | 496 | 69.6% | 988 | 86.6% | 1,484 | 80.0% | |
| Muslim | 209 | 29.3% | 150 | 13.1% | 359 | 19.4% | |
| Traditional religion | 8 | 1.1% | 0 | 0.0% | 8 | 0.4% | |
| Others | 0 | 0.0% | 3 | 0.3% | 3 | 0.2% | |
| Region | |||||||
| Ashanti | 340 | 47.7% | 527 | 46.2% | 867 | 46.8% | |
| Western | 373 | 52.3% | 614 | 53.8% | 987 | 53.2% | |
| Name of facility | *** | ||||||
| Maternal and child hospital | 0 | 0.0% | 252 | 22.1% | 252 | 13.6% | |
| Tafo government hospital | 0 | 0.0% | 275 | 24.1% | 275 | 14.8% | |
| Nkenkaasu government hospital | 167 | 23.4% | 0 | 0.0% | 167 | 9.0% | |
| Ejura district hospital | 173 | 24.3% | 0 | 0.0% | 173 | 9.3% | |
| Kwesimintsim polyclinic | 0 | 0.0% | 291 | 25.5% | 291 | 15.7% | |
| Essikado government hospital | 0 | 0.0% | 323 | 28.3% | 323 | 17.4% | |
| Dixcove government hospital | 168 | 23.6% | 0 | 0.0% | 168 | 9.1% | |
| Agona Nkwanta health center | 205 | 28.8% | 0 | 0.0% | 205 | 11.1% | |
| Asked for bribery | *** | ||||||
| Yes | 67 | 9.4% | 32 | 2.8% | 99 | 5.3% | |
| No | 646 | 90.6% | 1,109 | 97.2% | 1,755 | 94.7% | |
| Type of delivery | *** | ||||||
| Caesarian section | 91 | 12.8% | 302 | 26.5% | 1,461 | 78.8% | |
| Vaginal delivery | 622 | 87.2% | 839 | 73.5% | 393 | 21.2% | |
| Time of delivery | |||||||
| Day (6:00 am−6:59 pm) | 425 | 59.6% | 696 | 61.0% | 1,121 | 60.5% | |
| Night (7:00 pm−5:59 am) | 288 | 40.4% | 445 | 39.0% | 733 | 39.5% | |
| Birth attendant | *** | ||||||
| Medical doctor (Gynecologist) | 96 | 13.5% | 303 | 26.6% | 399 | 21.5% | |
| Midwife | 528 | 74.1% | 792 | 69.4% | 1,320 | 71.2% | |
| Nurse | 81 | 11.4% | 45 | 3.9% | 126 | 6.8% | |
| Community health nurse | 8 | 1.1% | 1 | 0.1% | 9 | 0.5% | |
| Sex of birth attendant | |||||||
| Male | 102 | 14.3% | 201 | 17.6% | 303 | 16.3% | |
| Female | 611 | 85.7% | 940 | 82.4% | 1,551 | 83.7% | |
| Birth complication | |||||||
| Yes | 145 | 20.3% | 205 | 18.0% | 350 | 18.9% | |
| No | 568 | 79.7% | 936 | 82.0% | 1,504 | 81.1% | |
Results with significant p-values (p < 0.05).
χ2 test used to compare demographic characteristics within settings *p < 0.05,
**
p < 0.01,
***
p < 0.001.