TABLE 1.
Natural products targeting mitochondrial dysfunction.
| Natural products | Origin | Mitochondrial regulation | Experimental models | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Epigallocatechin-3-gallate | Camellia sinensis L | Triggers mitochondrial biogenesis | Caenorhabditis elegans (during early-to-mid adulthood) | Xiong et al. (2018) |
| Resveratrol | Vitis vinifera L | Activates the PGC-1α/Sirt1/AMPK axis to trigger mitochondrial biogenesis | Down syndrome mouse model | Valenti et al. (2016) |
| Berberine | Berberis vulgaris L | Induces SIRT1-dependent mitochondrial biogenesis | Male Sprague Dawley rats (high fat diet) | Gomes et al. (2012) |
| Songorine | Aconitum carmichaelii Debx | Promotes cardiac mitochondrial biogenesis via Nrf2 and PGC-1α | C57BL/6 mice (with heart injury) and cardiac-specific Nrf2 knockdown mice | Li Y. et al. (2021) |
| Bouchardatine | Bouchardatia neurococca | Stimulates the SIRT1-LKB1-AMPK axis and triggers mitochondrial biogenesis | High-fat diet-fed mice | Rao et al. (2017) |
| Curcumin | Curcuma longa L | Improves MMP and ATP and restores mitochondrial fusion | The senescence-accelerated mouse-prone 8 | Eckert et al. (2013) |
| Tetrahydrocurcumin | Curcuma longa L | Ameliorates homocysteine-mediated mitochondrial remodeling | Mouse brain endothelial cells (bEND3) | Vacek et al. (2018) |
| Quercetin | Fruits, vegetables, leaves and grains | Inhibits mitochondrial fission and mitochondrial enhances fusion | Hypobaric hypoxia-induced rats | Liu et al. (2015) |
| Hyperoside | Abelmoschus manihot L | Inhibited ischemia/reperfusion-induced mitochondrial fission | Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury mouse model | Wu et al. (2019) |
| Xanthohumol | Humulus lupulus L | Promotes mitochondrial fusion | Kainic acid-induced excitotoxicity rat model | Wang et al. (2020) |
| Liquiritigenin | Glycyrrhiza radix | Inhibits mitochondrial fragmentation | Neuroblastoma cells (SK-N-MC) | Jo et al. (2016) |
| Acacetin | Various plants (e.g., black locust) | Enhances mitophagy | d-galactose-induced cardiac senescence model | Hong et al. (2021) |
| Alliin | Garlic | Promotes PINK 1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy | THP-1 macrophages and mice (with lipopolysaccharide treatment) | Liu M. et al. (2022) |
| Polydatin | Polygonum cuspidatum | Mediates Parkin-dependent mitophagy | Acute respiratory distress syndrome mice model | Li et al. (2019) |
| Salvianolic acid B | Salvia miltiorrhiza | Suppresses the ROCK1-mediated mitophagy | Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (EA.hy926) | Ko et al. (2020) |
| Magnolol | Magnolia | Inhibit mitochondrial respiration | Oral cancer mouse model | Zhang et al. (2020) |
| Bergamot extracts | Citrus bergamia L | Inhibits the OXPHOS system | Human breast cancer cell lines (T47D and MCF7) | Fiorillo et al. (2018) |
| Baicalein | Scutellaria root | Promotes mitochondrial respiration | PC12 cells (with rotenone treatment) and male Sprague Dawley rats | Li et al. (2012) |
| Gastrodin | Gastrodia elata | Increases mitochondrial respiration | Human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells (with H2O2 treatment) | de Oliveira et al. (2018) |
| Kaempferol | Various plants | Activates mitochondrial calcium uniporter to promote Ca2+ uptake | HeLa cell clone MM5 (expressing mitochondrially targeted mutated aequorin) | Montero et al. (2004) |
| Polydatin | Polygonum cuspidatum | Induces mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated calcium influx | Human colon cancer cells (parental and 5-FU-resistant HCT116 cells) | Bae et al. (2021a) |
| Biflavonoids | Selaginella trichoclada | Induces mitochondria-mediated ferroptosis | Breast cancer cells (MCF-7 cells) | Xie et al. (2021) |
| Levan derivative (SL1) | Bacillus subtilis NRC1aza | Induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis | Human cell lines (HepG2, HCT-116, MCF-7, HeLa) | Abdel-Fattah et al. (2012) |