TABLE 2.
The application of hydrogels in BTE.
| Composition | Preparation | SC/GF | Characterization | Effects/results | Biodegradability (days) | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CMCh-ACP hydrogel | pH-triggered, Self-assembled | BMP-9 | DLS, SEM, TEM, FTIR, Viscosity, Injectability, pH responsiveness | Biocompatibility, Osteoinductive, Supporting MSC differentiation and adhesion, Enhancing bone formation | NA | Zhao et al. (2019) |
| GelMA-PEGDA-nHA composite hydrogel | Continuous ultrasound | — | SEM, FTIR, Swelling ratio, Degradation, Mechanical properties | Biocompatibility, Biodegradability, Supporting osteoblast adhesion and proliferation | 56 | Wang et al. (2020) |
| Electrospun nanofiber mesh and alginate hydrogel | Carbodiimide chemistry | rhBMP-2 | 2D radiographs and 3D in vivo μCT imaging, Histological analysis, Torsional testing | Enhancing bone formation, Improving infiltration of osteoprogenitor cells without adverse effects on revascularization | NA | Kolambkar et al. (2011) |
| GNF-collagen injectable hybrid hydrogel | Thermo-gelation process | hASCs | FTIR, Rheology analysis, SEM | Supporting cell adhesion and proliferation, Promoting differentiation of hASCs, Enhancing bone-like structures formation | NA | Maisani et al. (2018) |
| Oxidized alginate-gelatin hydrogel | Covalently crosslinked | mBMSCs | SEM, Porosity, FTIR, Degradation behavior | Supporting osteogenic differentiation of mBMSCs | 28 | Sarker et al. (2016) |
| GHH hydrogel | Enzyme-catalyzed | TMSCs | Blood analysis, visceral fat mass measurements, μCT Imaging | Biocompatibility, Reducing visceral fat, Enhancing bone formation | NA | Kim G et al. (2018) |
| GO-CS hybrid hydrogel | Crosslinking | hDPSCs | FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX, Swelling tests, Weight loss evaluation | Enhancing minerals deposition, Supporting osteogenic differentiation of hDPSCs | 28 | Amiryaghoubi et al. (2020) |
| Cx-HA hydrogel | Mixing | BP/hDPSCs | Rheology analysis, Injection force, Fluorescence imaging | Biocompatibility, Promoting osteogenic differentiation of hDPSCs | 28 | Park et al. (2020) |
| Alginate/FmocFF composite hydrogel | Solvent switch | Preosteoblast cells | SEM, Rheology analysis | Biocompatibility, Facilitating calcium mineralization, Promoting osteogenic differentiation, Exhibiting excellent mechanical properties | NA | Ghosh et al. (2019) |
SC, stem cell; GF, growth factor; CMCh, carboxymethyl chitosan; ACP, amorphous calcium phosphate; DLS, dynamic light scattering; SEM, scanning electron microscopy; TEM, transmission electron microscopy; FTIR, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; NA, not available; GelMA, gelatin methacrylamine; PEGDA, poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate; nHA, nano hydroxyapatite; PECE, PEG-PCL-PEG, copolymer; rhBMP-2, recombinant bone morphogenetic protein-2; GNF, Glyco-nucleo-lipids containing a fluorinated carbon chain; hASCs, human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells; mBMSCs, murine bone marrow stromal cells; GHH, gelatin-hydroxyphenyl propionic acid; TMSCs, tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells; GO, graphene oxide; CS, chitosan; hDPSCs, human dental pulp stem cells; XRD, X-ray diffraction; EDX, energy dispersive X-ray; Cx, click-crosslinking; HA, hyaluronic acid; BP, BMP-2, mimetic peptide; FmocFF, fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-diphenylalanine.