Table 1.

Overexpressed seminal plasma proteins in patients showing signs of oxidative stress.

Seminal plasma proteins	Functions	References
Aldose reductase	Converts glucose into sorbitol in the polyol pathway (glucose metabolism)	(18)
α1-chymotrypsin	Proteolytic activity towards chymotrypsin-specific substrate N-Succinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-p-nitroanilide and releases in granulocytes	(18)
DJ-1	DJ-1 activation causes catalysis of ROS. Once activated, suppress DJ-1, resulting in the removal of NFκB signal	(19)
Haptoglobin	late positive acute-phase protein of inflammation	(116)
Mucin 5B	Promotes SP viscosity and is associated with inflammation, hypoxia, and OS	(115)
Peroxiredoxin 4	Related to a family of peroxide-degrading enzymes, contributes to cellular OS control	(116)
Prolactin-induced protein	Extracellular matrix protein that may regulate tissue responses to inflammation	(16)
Protein S100A9	Pivotal in cell differentiation and OS response	(116)
Tubulin-folding cofactor β	Participates in the development of α/β-tubulin heterodimers, essential for the normal growth of mammalian cells. Serves in the development of hypoxic-ischemic injury	(18)

NFκB, nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer; OS, oxidative stress; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SP, seminal plasma; S100A9, S100 calcium binding protein A9.